Art of Problem Solving
AoPS Online
Math texts, online classes, and more
for students in grades 5-12.
Visit AoPS Online ‚
Books for Grades 5-12 Online Courses
Beast Academy
Engaging math books and online learning
for students ages 6-13.
Visit Beast Academy ‚
Books for Ages 6-13 Beast Academy Online
AoPS Academy
Small live classes for advanced math
and language arts learners in grades 2-12.
Visit AoPS Academy ‚
Find a Physical Campus Visit the Virtual Campus

Difference between revisions of "Nilpotent group"

(more results)
(→‎Characterization and Properties of Nilpotent Groups: expanded theorem slightly)
Line 7: Line 7:
 
'''Theorem.''' Let <math>G</math> be a group, and let <math>n</math> be a positive integer.  Then the following three statements are equivalent:
 
'''Theorem.''' Let <math>G</math> be a group, and let <math>n</math> be a positive integer.  Then the following three statements are equivalent:
 
# The group <math>G</math> has nilpotency class at most <math>n</math>;
 
# The group <math>G</math> has nilpotency class at most <math>n</math>;
 +
# There exists a sequence <cmath> G = G^1 \supseteq G^2 \supseteq \dotsb \supseteq G^{n+1} = \{e\} </cmath> of subgroups of <math>G</math> such that <math>G^{k+1} \subseteq (G,G^k)</math>, for all integers <math>1\le k \le n</math>.
 
# For every subgroup <math>H</math> of <math>G</math>, there exist subgroups <math>H^1, \dotsc, H^{n+1}</math>, such that <math>H^1=G</math>, <math>H^{n+1}=H</math>, and <math>H^{k+1}</math> is a [[normal subgroup]] of <math>H^k</math> such that <math>H^k/H^{k+1}</math> is [[commutative]], for all integers <math>1\le k \le n</math>.
 
# For every subgroup <math>H</math> of <math>G</math>, there exist subgroups <math>H^1, \dotsc, H^{n+1}</math>, such that <math>H^1=G</math>, <math>H^{n+1}=H</math>, and <math>H^{k+1}</math> is a [[normal subgroup]] of <math>H^k</math> such that <math>H^k/H^{k+1}</math> is [[commutative]], for all integers <math>1\le k \le n</math>.
 
# The group <math>G</math> has a subgroup <math>A</math> in the [[center (algebra) |center]] of <math>G</math> such that <math>G/A</math> has nilpotency class at most <math>n-1</math>.
 
# The group <math>G</math> has a subgroup <math>A</math> in the [[center (algebra) |center]] of <math>G</math> such that <math>G/A</math> has nilpotency class at most <math>n-1</math>.
  
−
''Proof.'' First, we show that (1) implies (2).  Set <math>H_k = H \cdot C^k(G)</math>; we claim that this suffices.  We wish first to show that <math>H \cdot C^k(G)</math> [[normalizer |normalize]]s <math>H \cdot C^{k+1}(G)</math>.  Since <math>H</math> evidently normalizes <math>H^{k+1}</math>, it suffices to show that <math>C^k(G)</math> does; to this end, let <math>g</math> be an element of <math>C^k(G)</math> and <math>h</math> an element of <math>H \cdot C^{k+1}(G)</math>.  Then
+
''Proof.'' To show that (1) implies (2), we may take <math>G^k = C^k(G)</math>.
 +
 
 +
To show that (2) implies (1), we note that it follows from induction that <math>C^k \subseteq G^k</math>; hence <math>C^{n+1}(G) = \{e\}</math>.
 +
 
 +
Now, we show that (1) implies (3).  Set <math>H_k = H \cdot C^k(G)</math>; we claim that this suffices.  We wish first to show that <math>H \cdot C^k(G)</math> [[normalizer |normalize]]s <math>H \cdot C^{k+1}(G)</math>.  Since <math>H</math> evidently normalizes <math>H^{k+1}</math>, it suffices to show that <math>C^k(G)</math> does; to this end, let <math>g</math> be an element of <math>C^k(G)</math> and <math>h</math> an element of <math>H \cdot C^{k+1}(G)</math>.  Then
 
<cmath> ghg^{-1} = h \cdot h^{-1}ghg^{-1} = h\cdot (h,g^{-1}) \in h\cdot (G,G^k) = h \cdot C^{k+1}(G) . </cmath>
 
<cmath> ghg^{-1} = h \cdot h^{-1}ghg^{-1} = h\cdot (h,g^{-1}) \in h\cdot (G,G^k) = h \cdot C^{k+1}(G) . </cmath>
 
Thus <math>H^k</math> normalizes <math>H^{k+1}</math>.  To prove that <math>H^k/H^{k+1}</math> is commutative, we note that <math>C^k(G)/C^{k+1}(G)</math> is commmutative, and that the canonical homomorphism from <math>C^k(G)/C^{k+1}(G)</math> to <math>H^k/H^{k+1}</math> is [[surjective]]; thus <math>H^k/H^{k+1}</math> is commutative.
 
Thus <math>H^k</math> normalizes <math>H^{k+1}</math>.  To prove that <math>H^k/H^{k+1}</math> is commutative, we note that <math>C^k(G)/C^{k+1}(G)</math> is commmutative, and that the canonical homomorphism from <math>C^k(G)/C^{k+1}(G)</math> to <math>H^k/H^{k+1}</math> is [[surjective]]; thus <math>H^k/H^{k+1}</math> is commutative.
  
−
To show that (2) implies (1), we may take <math>H= \{e\}</math>.
+
To show that (3) implies (1), we may take <math>H= \{e\}</math>.
  
−
To show that (1) implies (3), we may take <math>A = C^n(G)</math>.
+
To show that (1) implies (4), we may take <math>A = C^n(G)</math>.
  
−
Finally, we show that (3) implies (1).  Let <math>\phi</math> be the canonical [[homomorphism]] of <math>G</math> onto <math>G/A</math>.  Then <math>\phi(C^k(G)) = C^k(G/A)</math>.  In particular, <math>\phi(C^n(G))= C^n(G/A)= \{e\}</math>.  Hence <math>C^n(G)</math> is a subset of <math>A</math>, so it lies in the center of <math>G</math>, and <math>C^{n+1}(G)=\{e\}</math>; thus the nilpotency class of <math>G</math> is at most <math>n</math>, as desired.  <math>\blacksquare</math>
+
Finally, we show that (4) implies (1).  Let <math>\phi</math> be the canonical [[homomorphism]] of <math>G</math> onto <math>G/A</math>.  Then <math>\phi(C^k(G)) = C^k(G/A)</math>.  In particular, <math>\phi(C^n(G))= C^n(G/A)= \{e\}</math>.  Hence <math>C^n(G)</math> is a subset of <math>A</math>, so it lies in the center of <math>G</math>, and <math>C^{n+1}(G)=\{e\}</math>; thus the nilpotency class of <math>G</math> is at most <math>n</math>, as desired.  <math>\blacksquare</math>
  
 
'''Corollary 1.''' Let <math>G</math> be a nilpotent group; let <math>H</math> be a subgroup of <math>G</math>.  If <math>H</math> is its own [[normalizer]], then <math>H=G</math>.
 
'''Corollary 1.''' Let <math>G</math> be a nilpotent group; let <math>H</math> be a subgroup of <math>G</math>.  If <math>H</math> is its own [[normalizer]], then <math>H=G</math>.

Revision as of 23:42, 1 June 2008

A nilpotent group can be thought of a group that is only finitely removed from an abelian group. Specifically, it is a group $G$ such that $C^{n+1}(G)$ is the trivial group, for some integer $n$, where $C^m(G)$ is the $m$th term of the lower central series of $G$. The least integer $n$ satisfying this condition is called the nilpotency class of $G$. Using transfinite recursion, the notion of nilpotency class can be extended to any ordinal.

All abelian groups have nilpotency class at most 1; the trivial group is the only group of nilpotency class 0.

Characterization and Properties of Nilpotent Groups

Theorem. Let $G$ be a group, and let $n$ be a positive integer. Then the following three statements are equivalent:

  1. The group $G$ has nilpotency class at most $n$;
  2. There exists a sequence \[G = G^1 \supseteq G^2 \supseteq \dotsb \supseteq G^{n+1} = \{e\}\] of subgroups of $G$ such that $G^{k+1} \subseteq (G,G^k)$, for all integers $1\le k \le n$.
  3. For every subgroup $H$ of $G$, there exist subgroups $H^1, \dotsc, H^{n+1}$, such that $H^1=G$, $H^{n+1}=H$, and $H^{k+1}$ is a normal subgroup of $H^k$ such that $H^k/H^{k+1}$ is commutative, for all integers $1\le k \le n$.
  4. The group $G$ has a subgroup $A$ in the center of $G$ such that $G/A$ has nilpotency class at most $n-1$.

Proof. To show that (1) implies (2), we may take $G^k = C^k(G)$.

To show that (2) implies (1), we note that it follows from induction that $C^k \subseteq G^k$; hence $C^{n+1}(G) = \{e\}$.

Now, we show that (1) implies (3). Set $H_k = H \cdot C^k(G)$; we claim that this suffices. We wish first to show that $H \cdot C^k(G)$ normalizes $H \cdot C^{k+1}(G)$. Since $H$ evidently normalizes $H^{k+1}$, it suffices to show that $C^k(G)$ does; to this end, let $g$ be an element of $C^k(G)$ and $h$ an element of $H \cdot C^{k+1}(G)$. Then \[ghg^{-1} = h \cdot h^{-1}ghg^{-1} = h\cdot (h,g^{-1}) \in h\cdot (G,G^k) = h \cdot C^{k+1}(G) .\] Thus $H^k$ normalizes $H^{k+1}$. To prove that $H^k/H^{k+1}$ is commutative, we note that $C^k(G)/C^{k+1}(G)$ is commmutative, and that the canonical homomorphism from $C^k(G)/C^{k+1}(G)$ to $H^k/H^{k+1}$ is surjective; thus $H^k/H^{k+1}$ is commutative.

To show that (3) implies (1), we may take $H= \{e\}$.

To show that (1) implies (4), we may take $A = C^n(G)$.

Finally, we show that (4) implies (1). Let $\phi$ be the canonical homomorphism of $G$ onto $G/A$. Then $\phi(C^k(G)) = C^k(G/A)$. In particular, $\phi(C^n(G))= C^n(G/A)= \{e\}$. Hence $C^n(G)$ is a subset of $A$, so it lies in the center of $G$, and $C^{n+1}(G)=\{e\}$; thus the nilpotency class of $G$ is at most $n$, as desired. $\blacksquare$

Corollary 1. Let $G$ be a nilpotent group; let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$. If $H$ is its own normalizer, then $H=G$.

Proof. Suppose $H\neq G$; then there is a greatest integer $k\in [1,n+1]$ for which $H^k \neq H$. Then $H^k$ normalizes $H$. $\blacksquare$

Corollary 2. Let $G$ be a nilpotent group; let $H$ be a proper subgroup of $H$. Then there exists a proper normal subgroup $A$ of $G$ such that $H \subseteq A$ and $G/A$ is abelian.

Proof. In the notation of the theorem, let $k$ be the least integer such that $H^k \neq G$. Then set $A=H^k$. $\blacksquare$

Corollary 3. Let $G$ be a nilpotent group; let $H$ be a subgroup of $G$. If $G = H(G,G)$, then $G=H$.

Proof. Suppose that $G \neq H$. Then let $A$ be the normal subgroup of $G$ containing $H$ as described in Corollary 3. Then $(G,G) \subseteq A$, so \[H(G,G) \subseteq HA = A \subsetneq G,\] a contradiction. $\blacksquare$

Corollary 4. Let $G'$ be a group, let $G$ be a nilpotent group, and let $f: G' \to G$ be a group homomorphism for which the homomorphism $f' : G'/(G',G') \to G/(G,G)$ derived from passing to quotients is surjective. Then $f$ is surjective.

Proof. Let $H$ be the image of $f'$ and apply Corollary 3. $\blacksquare$

Proposition. Let $G$ be a group of nilpotency class at most $n$, and let $N$ be a normal subgroup of $G$. Then there exists a sequence $(N^k)_{1\le k \le n+1}$ of subgroups of $G$ such that $N^1=N$, $N^{n+1}=\{e\}$, $N^{k+1} \subseteq N^k$, and $(G,N^k) \subseteq N^{k+1}$, for all integers $1 \le k \le n+1$.

Proof. Let $N^k = N \cap C^k(G)$. Then \[(G,N^k) \subseteq (G,G^k) = G^{k+1},\] and \[(G,N^k) \subseteq (G,N) \subseteq N,\] since $N$ is a normal subgroup. $\blacksquare$

Corollary 5. Let $G$ be a nilpotent group; let $N$ be a normal subgroup of $G$, and let $Z$ be the center of $G$. If $N$ is not trivial, then $N \cap Z$ is not trivial.

Proof. In the proposition's notation, let $k$ be the greatest integer such that $N^k \neq \{e\}$. The $(G,N^k) \subseteq N^{k+1} = \{e\}$, so $N^k$ is a nontrivial subgroup that lies in the center of $G$ and in $N$. $\blacksquare$

Corollary 6. Let $G$ be a nilpotent group, let $G'$ be a group, and let $f$ be a homomorphism of $G$ into $G'$. If the restriction of $f$ to the center of $G$ is injective, then so is $f$.

Proof. We proceed by contrapositive. Suppose that $f$ is not injective; then the kernel of $f$ is nontrivial, so by the previous corollary, the intersection of $\text{Ker}(f)$ and the center of $G$ is nontrivial, so the restriction of $f$ to the center of $G$ is not injective. $\blacksquare$

See also

Retrieved from "https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php?title=Nilpotent_group&oldid=26236"