# 1970 IMO Problems/Problem 2

## Problem

Let $a, b$, and $n$ be integers greater than 1, and let $a$ and $b$ be the bases of two number systems. $A_{n-1}$ and $A_{n}$ are numbers in the system with base $a$ and $B_{n-1}$ and $B_{n}$ are numbers in the system with base $b$; these are related as follows:

$A_{n} = x_{n}x_{n-1}\cdots x_{0}, A_{n-1} = x_{n-1}x_{n-2}\cdots x_{0}$,

$B_{n} = x_{n}x_{n-1}\cdots x_{0}, B_{n-1} = x_{n-1}x_{n-2}\cdots x_{0}$,

$x_{n} \neq 0, x_{n-1} \neq 0$.

Prove:

$\frac{A_{n-1}}{A_{n}} < \frac{B_{n-1}}{B_{n}}$ if and only if $a > b$.

## Solution

Suppose $a>b$. Then for all integers $0 \le k \le n$, $x_n x_k a^n b^k \ge x_n x_k b^n a^k$, with equality only when $k=n$ or $x_k = 0$. (In particular, we have strict inequality for $k=n-1$.) In summation, this becomes $$x_n a^n \sum_{k=0}^n x_k b^k > x_n b^n \sum_{k=0}^n x_k b^k,$$ or $$x_n a^n \cdot B_n > x_n b^n \cdot A_n,$$ which is equivalent to $$\frac{x_n a^n}{A_n} > \frac{x_n b^n}{B_n} .$$ This implies $$\frac{A_{n-1}}{A_n} = 1 - \frac{x_n a^n}{A_n} < 1 - \frac{x_n b^n}{B_n} = \frac{B_{n-1}}{B_n} .$$ On the other hand, if $a=b$, then evidently $A_{n-1}/A_n = B_{n-1}/B_n$, and if $a < b$, then by what we have just shown, $A_{n-1}/A_n > B_{n-1}/B_n$. Hence $A_{n-1}/A_n < B_{n-1}/B_n$ if and only if $a>b$, as desired. $\blacksquare$