2016 AIME II Problems/Problem 13
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[hide]Problem
Beatrix is going to place six rooks on a chessboard where both the rows and columns are labeled to ; the rooks are placed so that no two rooks are in the same row or the same column. The of a square is the sum of its row number and column number. The of an arrangement of rooks is the least value of any occupied square.The average score over all valid configurations is , where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find .
Solution 1
We casework to find the number of ways to get each possible score. Note that the lowest possible score is and the highest possible score is . Let the bijective function denote the row number of the rook for the corresponding column number.
- For a score of , we must have , and we can arrange the rest of the function however we want, so there are ways.
- For a score of , we must have either or , and we can arrange the rest of the rooks however we want, so by PIE the number of ways is .
- For a score of , we must have , , or . If , we just don't want , if , we don't want , or if , we don't want , otherwise we can arrange the function however we like. If at least of the values rooks have a value of , we can arange the rest of the rooks however we like, so there are by PIE.
- If the score is , then we have either , , , or . If we have the first case, we don't want , , or , so by PIE the number of bad cases is . If we have the second case, then we don't want , , or , so similarly there are bad cases. Therefore, there are a total of good cases for each one. The number of ways to get is because we don't want , the number of ways to get is ways because we don't want , the number of ways to get is ways because we don't want , and the number of ways to get is ways because we don't want . The number of ways to get at least cases satisfied is because we can arrange the remaining rooks however we like, and the number of ways to get all cases satisfied is ways because we can arrange the remaining rooks however we like, so by PIE we have ways to get a score of .
- The only way to get a score of is to have all the rooks run on the antidiagonal. Therefore, the number of ways to get a sum of is .
Thus, the expected sum is , so the desired answer is .
Solution 2
If the score is , then one of the rooks must appear in the th antidiagonal, and this is the first antidiagonal in which a rook can appear. To demonstrate this, we draw the following diagram when .
We first count the number of arrangements that avoid the squares above the th diagonal, and then we subtract from these the number of arrangements that avoid all squares above the th diagonal. In the first column, there are rows in which to place the rook. In the second column, there is one more possible row, but one of the rows is used up by the rook in the first column, hence there are still places to place the rook. This pattern continues through the th column, so there are ways to place the first rooks while avoiding the crossed out squares. We can similarly compute that there are ways to place the rooks in the first columns that avoid both the crossed out and shaded squares. Therefore, there are ways to place the first rooks such that at least one of them appears in a shaded square.
After this, there are rows and columns in which to place the remaining rooks, and we can do this in ways. Hence the number of arrangements with a score of is . We also know that can range from from to , so the average score is given by
Thus the answer is .
Solution 3
So we first count the number of permutations with score . This is obviously . Then, the number of permutations with score can also be computed: in the first column, there are five ways to place a rook- anywhere but the place with score . In the next column, there are ways to place a rook- anywhere but the one in the same row as the previous row. We can continue this to obtain that the number of permutations with score is . Doing the same for scores , , , and we obtain that these respective numbers are , , , .
Now, note that if is the number of permutations with score , then , where is the number of permutations with score exactly . Thus, we can compute the number of permutations with scores , , etc as . We then compute leading us to the answer of .
Note
This problem is pretty bashy. There isn't a clever way to solve it.
Solution 4 (builds off Solution 3)
The problem is asking us to compute , where is the random variable that takes an arrangement of rooks and outputs its score, which is a non-negative integer quantity. For any random variable with non-negative integer values, we have the tail sum formula These probabilities can be computed as in Solution 3, giving us the following table.
Hence and the final answer is as above.
Tail sum formula
The definition of expected value corresponds to summing the entries of the grid going column by column first, then adding up the column sums, whereas the tail sum formula corresponds to summing the entries of the grid going row by row first, then adding up the row sums. (Since all entries are non-negative, rearrangement of a potentially-infinite sum is no issue.)
See also
2016 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 12 |
Followed by Problem 14 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 | ||
All AIME Problems and Solutions |
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