Difference between revisions of "2015 AMC 10B Problems/Problem 23"

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Problem

Let $n$ be a positive integer greater than 4 such that the decimal representation of $n!$ ends in $k$ zeros and the decimal representation of $(2n)!$ ends in $3k$ zeros. Let $s$ denote the sum of the four least possible values of $n$ . What is the sum of the digits of $s$ ?

$\textbf{(A) }7\qquad\textbf{(B) }8\qquad\textbf{(C) }9\qquad\textbf{(D) }10\qquad\textbf{(E) }11$

Solution

Solution 1

A trailing zero requires a factor of two and a factor of five. Since factors of two occur more often than factors of five, we can focus on the factors of five. We make a chart of how many trailing zeros factorials have:

$\begin{array}{c|c|c|c|c|c|c} \mathrm{Factorial}&0!-4!&5!-9!&10!-14!&15!-19!&20!-24!&25!-29!\\\hline \mathrm{Zeros}&0&1&2&3&4&6 \end{array}$

We first look at the case when $n!$ has $1$ zero and $(2n)!$ has $3$ zeros. If $n=5,6,7$ , $(2n)!$ has only $2$ zeros. But for $n=8,9$ , $(2n)!$ has $3$ zeros. Thus, $n=8$ and $n=9$ work.

Secondly, we look at the case when $n!$ has $2$ zeros and $(2n)!$ has $6$ zeros. If $n=10,11,12$ , $(2n)!$ has only $4$ zeros. But for $n=13,14$ , $(2n)!$ has $6$ zeros. Thus, the smallest four values of $n$ that work are $n=8,9,13,14$ , which sum to $44$ . The sum of the digits of $44$ is $\boxed{\mathbf{(B)\ }8}$

Solution 2

By Legendre's Formula and the information given, we have that $3\left(\left\lfloor{\frac{n}{5}}\right\rfloor+\left\lfloor{\frac{n}{25}}\right\rfloor\right)=\left\lfloor{\frac{2n}{5}}\right\rfloor+\left\lfloor{\frac{2n}{25}}\right\rfloor$ .

Trivially, it is obvious that $n<100$ as there is no way that if $n>100$ , $n!$ would have $3$ times as many zeroes as $(2n)!$ .

First, let's plug in the number $5$ We get that $3(1)=1$ , which is obviously not true. Hence, $n>5$

After several attempts, we realize that the RHS needs $1$ to $2$ more "extra" zeroes than the LHS. Hence, $n$ is greater than a multiple of $5$ .

Very quickly, we find that the least $4 n's$ are $8,9,13,14$ .

$8+9+13+14=17+27=44\implies 4+4=8\implies\boxed{B}$ .

Solution 3 (Bashing)

We notice that for a $0$ to be at the end of a factorial, one multiple of five must be there. Therefore, it is intuitive to start at $5$ and work up. If you bash enough you get $8$ , $9$ , $13$ , and $14$ . Going any higher will give too many zeros, and then we can stop going higher. $8+9+13+14=17+27=44\implies 4+4=8\implies\boxed{\textbf{(B) }8}$ .

Solution 4

Let $n=5m+k$ for some natural numbers $m$ , $k$ such that $k\in\{0,1,2,3,4\}$ . Notice that $n<5^3=125$ . Thus $3(\lfloor\frac{n}{5}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{n}{25}\rfloor)=\lfloor\frac{2n}{5}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{2n}{25}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{2n}{125}\rfloor$ For smaller $n$ , we temporarily let $\lfloor\frac{2n}{125}\rfloor=0$ $3(\lfloor\frac{n}{5}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{n}{25}\rfloor)=\lfloor\frac{2n}{5}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{2n}{25}\rfloor$ $3(\lfloor\frac{5m+k}{5}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{5m+k}{25}\rfloor)=\lfloor\frac{2(5m+k)}{5}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{2(5m+k)}{25}\rfloor$ $3(\lfloor\frac{5m+k}{5}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{5m+k}{25}\rfloor)=\lfloor\frac{10m+2k}{5}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{10m+2k}{25}\rfloor$ $3m+3\lfloor\frac{5m+k}{25}\rfloor=2m+\lfloor\frac{2k}{5}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{10m+2k}{25}\rfloor$ $m+3\lfloor\frac{5m+k}{25}\rfloor=\lfloor\frac{2k}{5}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{10m+2k}{25}\rfloor$ To minimize $n$ , we let $\lfloor\frac{5m+k}{25}\rfloor=\lfloor\frac{10m+2k}{25}\rfloor=0$ , then $m=\lfloor\frac{2k}{5}\rfloor$ Since $k<5$ , $m>0$ , the only integral value of $m$ is $1$ , from which we havve $k=3,4\Longrightarrow n=8,9$ .

Now we let $\lfloor\frac{5m+k}{25}\rfloor=0$ and $\lfloor\frac{10m+2k}{25}\rfloor=1$ , then $m=\lfloor\frac{2k}{5}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{10m+2k}{25}\rfloor$ Since $k<5$ , $10m>15\Longrightarrow m\ge2$ .

If $m>2$ , then $m>\lfloor\frac{2k}{5}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{10m+2k}{25}\rfloor$ which is a contradiction.

@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 Now we let <math>\lfloor\frac{5m+k}{25}\rfloor=0</math> and <math>\lfloor\frac{10m+2k}{25}\rfloor=1</math>, then
 <cmath>m=\lfloor\frac{2k}{5}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{10m+2k}{25}\rfloor</cmath>
-Since <math>k<5</math>, <math>10m>15\Longrightarrowm\ge2</math>.
+Since <math>k<5</math>, <math>10m>15\Longrightarrow m\ge2</math>.
 If <math>m>2</math>, then

2015 AMC 10B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 22	Followed by Problem 24
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