Difference between revisions of "Harmonic sequence"
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== Sum == | == Sum == | ||
− | A '''harmonic series''' is the sum of all the terms in a harmonic series. All infinite harmonic series diverges, which follows by the limit comparison test with the series <math>1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + \cdots</math>. This series is referred to as ''the'' [[harmonic series]]. As for finite harmonic series, there is no known general expression for their sum; one must find a strategy to evaluate | + | A '''harmonic series''' is the sum of all the terms in a harmonic series. All infinite harmonic series diverges, which follows by the limit comparison test with the series <math>1 + 1/2 + 1/3 + \cdots</math>. This series is referred to as ''the'' [[harmonic series]]. As for finite harmonic series, there is no known general expression for their sum; one must find a strategy to evaluate one on a case-by-case basis. |
== Examples == | == Examples == | ||
− | Here are some example | + | Here are some example problems that utilize harmonic sequences and series. |
=== Example 1 === | === Example 1 === | ||
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'''Solution''': Using the harmonic mean property of harmonic sequences, we are given that <math>1/a + 1/b = 2/c</math>, and we wish to show that <math>(b+c)/a + (a+b)/c = 2(c+a)/b</math>. We work backwards from the latter equation. | '''Solution''': Using the harmonic mean property of harmonic sequences, we are given that <math>1/a + 1/b = 2/c</math>, and we wish to show that <math>(b+c)/a + (a+b)/c = 2(c+a)/b</math>. We work backwards from the latter equation. | ||
− | One approach might be to add <math>2</math> to both sides of the equation, which | + | One approach might be to add <math>2</math> to both sides of the equation, which when combined with the fractions returns <cmath>\frac{a+b+c}{a} + \frac{a+b+c}{c} = \frac{2(a+b+c)}{b}.</cmath> Because <math>a</math>, <math>b</math>, and <math>c</math> are all positive, <math>a+b+c \neq 0</math>. Thus, we can divide both sides of the equation by <math>a+b+c</math> to get <math>1/a + 1/c = 2/b</math>, which was given as true. |
− | From here, it is easy to write the proof forwards. Doing so | + | From here, it is easy to write the proof forwards. Doing so proves that <math>(b+c)/a + (a+b)/c = 2(c+a)/b</math>, which implies that <math>a/(b+c)</math>, <math>b/(c+a)</math>, <math>c/(a+b)</math> is a harmonic sequence, as required. <math>\square</math> |
=== Example 3 === | === Example 3 === | ||
''[[2019 AMC 10A Problems/Problem 15 | 2019 AMC 10A Problem 15]]: A sequence of numbers is defined recursively by <math>a_1 = 1</math>, <math>a_2 = \frac{3}{7}</math>, and <math>a_n = \frac{a_{n-2} \cdot a_{n-1}}{2 a_{n-2} - a_{n-1}}</math> for all <math>n \geq 3</math> Then <math>a_{2019}</math> can be written as <math>\frac{p}{q}</math>, where <math>p</math> and <math>q</math> are relatively prime positive integers. What is <math>p+q</math>? | ''[[2019 AMC 10A Problems/Problem 15 | 2019 AMC 10A Problem 15]]: A sequence of numbers is defined recursively by <math>a_1 = 1</math>, <math>a_2 = \frac{3}{7}</math>, and <math>a_n = \frac{a_{n-2} \cdot a_{n-1}}{2 a_{n-2} - a_{n-1}}</math> for all <math>n \geq 3</math> Then <math>a_{2019}</math> can be written as <math>\frac{p}{q}</math>, where <math>p</math> and <math>q</math> are relatively prime positive integers. What is <math>p+q</math>? | ||
− | '''Solution''': We simplify the series recursive formula. Taking the reciprocals of both sides, we get the equality <cmath>\frac{1}{a_n} = \frac{2 a_{n-2} - a_{n-1}}{a_{n-1} \cdot a_{n-2}} = \frac{2}{a_{n-2}} - \frac{1}{a_{n-1}}.</cmath> Thus, <math>2/a_{ | + | '''Solution''': We simplify the series' recursive formula. Taking the reciprocals of both sides, we get the equality <cmath>\frac{1}{a_n} = \frac{2 a_{n-2} - a_{n-1}}{a_{n-1} \cdot a_{n-2}} = \frac{2}{a_{n-2}} - \frac{1}{a_{n-1}}.</cmath> Thus, <math>2/a_{n-1} = 1/a_{n-2} + 1/a_n</math>. This is the harmonic mean, which implies that <math>a_{n-1}, a_n, a_{n+1}</math> is a harmonic progression. Thus, the entire sequence is in harmonic progression. |
− | + | Using the tools of harmonic sequences, we will now find a [https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php/TOTO_SLOT_:_SITUS_TOTO_SLOT_MAXWIN_TERBAIK_DAN_TERPERCAYA TOTO SLOT] closed expression for the sequence. Let <math>a_1 = 1/a</math> and <math>a_2 = 1/(a+d)</math>. Simplifying the first equation yields <math>a=1</math> and substituting this into the second equation yields <math>d = 4/3</math>. Thus, <cmath>a_n = \frac{1}{1 + \frac{4}{3}(n-1)},</cmath> and so <math>a_{2019} = 8075 / 3</math>. The answer is then <math>8075 + 3 = 8078</math>. <math>\square</math> | |
== More Problems == | == More Problems == | ||
− | Here are some more problems that utilize harmonic sequences and series. Note that harmonic sequences are rather uncommon compared to their arithmetic and geometric counterparts. | + | Here are some more problems that utilize harmonic sequences and series. Note that harmonic sequences are rather uncommon compared to their arithmetic and geometric counterparts . |
=== Introductory === | === Introductory === |
Revision as of 15:50, 19 February 2024
In algebra, a harmonic sequence, sometimes called a harmonic progression, is a sequence of numbers such that the difference between the reciprocals of any two consecutive terms is constant. In other words, a harmonic sequence is formed by taking the reciprocals of every term in an arithmetic sequence.
For example, and are harmonic sequences; however, and are not.
More formally, a harmonic progression biconditionally satisfies A similar definition holds for infinite harmonic sequences. It appears most frequently in its three-term form: namely, that constants , , and are in harmonic progression if and only if .
Contents
[hide]Properties
Because the reciprocals of the terms in a harmonic sequence are in arithmetic progression, one can apply properties of arithmetic sequences to derive a general form for harmonic sequences. Namely, for some constants and , the terms of any finite harmonic sequence can be written as
A common lemma is that a sequence is in harmonic progression if and only if is the harmonic mean of and for any consecutive terms . In symbols, . This is mostly used to perform substitutions, though it occasionally serves as a definition of harmonic sequences.
Sum
A harmonic series is the sum of all the terms in a harmonic series. All infinite harmonic series diverges, which follows by the limit comparison test with the series . This series is referred to as the harmonic series. As for finite harmonic series, there is no known general expression for their sum; one must find a strategy to evaluate one on a case-by-case basis.
Examples
Here are some example problems that utilize harmonic sequences and series.
Example 1
Find all real numbers such that is a harmonic sequence.
Solution: Using the harmonic mean properties of harmonic sequences, Note that would create a term of —something that breaks the definition of harmonic sequences—which eliminates them as possible solutions. We can thus multiply both sides by to get . Expanding these factors yields , which simplifies to . Thus, is the only solution to the equation, as desired.
Example 2
Let , , and be positive real numbers. Show that if , , and are in harmonic progression, then , , and are as well.
Solution: Using the harmonic mean property of harmonic sequences, we are given that , and we wish to show that . We work backwards from the latter equation.
One approach might be to add to both sides of the equation, which when combined with the fractions returns Because , , and are all positive, . Thus, we can divide both sides of the equation by to get , which was given as true.
From here, it is easy to write the proof forwards. Doing so proves that , which implies that , , is a harmonic sequence, as required.
Example 3
2019 AMC 10A Problem 15: A sequence of numbers is defined recursively by , , and for all Then can be written as , where and are relatively prime positive integers. What is ?
Solution: We simplify the series' recursive formula. Taking the reciprocals of both sides, we get the equality Thus, . This is the harmonic mean, which implies that is a harmonic progression. Thus, the entire sequence is in harmonic progression.
Using the tools of harmonic sequences, we will now find a TOTO SLOT closed expression for the sequence. Let and . Simplifying the first equation yields and substituting this into the second equation yields . Thus, and so . The answer is then .
More Problems
Here are some more problems that utilize harmonic sequences and series. Note that harmonic sequences are rather uncommon compared to their arithmetic and geometric counterparts .