Difference between revisions of "Symmetry"
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'''vladimir.shelomovskii@gmail.com, vvsss''' | '''vladimir.shelomovskii@gmail.com, vvsss''' | ||
+ | ==Symmetry and incircle== | ||
+ | [[File:Symmetry incercle 2024 17.png|400px|right]] | ||
+ | Let <math>\triangle ABC</math> with incircle <math>\omega = \odot DEF, D \in BC, E \in AC, F\in AB</math> be given. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Point <math>G = BC \cap EF.</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | 1. Let <math>P</math> be the point in <math>\overset{\Large\frown} {DE}.</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Denote <math>Q = GP \cap \omega, K = \odot BQF \cap GF, L = \odot CPE \cap FE.</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Prove that <math>\frac {KE} {FL} = \frac {AB}{AC}.</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Let <math>K</math> be the point in the segment <math>GF.</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Let <math>L</math> be the point in the ray <math>FE,</math> such that <math>\frac {KE} {FL} = \frac {AB}{AC}.</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Denote <math>Q = \odot BFK \cap \omega, P = \odot CEL \cap \omega.</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Prove that points <math>G, Q,</math> and <math>P</math> are collinear. | ||
+ | |||
+ | <i><b>Proof</b></i> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>1. \angle GFQ = \angle GPE \implies \triangle GFQ \sim \triangle GPE \implies \frac {GF}{GP} = \frac {FQ}{PE}.</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>\angle GPF = \angle GEQ \implies \triangle GFP \sim \triangle GQE \implies \frac {FP}{QE} = \frac {GP}{GE} \implies \frac {GF}{GE} = \frac {FQ \cdot FP}{PE \cdot QE}.</cmath> | ||
+ | We use Menelaus theorem for a triangle <math>\triangle AEF</math> and a transversal line <math>GBC</math> and get: | ||
+ | <cmath>\frac {AB \cdot GF \cdot CE}{BF \cdot GE \cdot AC} = 1 \implies \frac {AB}{AC}= \frac{GE \cdot BF}{CE \cdot GF}.</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>\angle FKQ = \angle FBQ, \angle FEQ = \angle BFQ \implies \triangle KQE \sim \triangle BQF \implies \frac {KE}{BF} = \frac {QE}{QF}.</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>\angle PFE = \angle PEC, \angle ELP = \angle ECP \implies \triangle LPF \sim \triangle CPE \implies \frac {LF}{CE} = \frac {FP}{EP}.</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>\frac {KE}{LF} = \frac {BF \cdot QE \cdot EP}{QF \cdot CE \cdot FP} = \frac {BF \cdot GE}{CE \cdot GF} = \frac {AB}{AC}.</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | 2. Denote <math>Q' = GP \cap \omega, K' = \odot BQ'F \cap GF.</math> Then | ||
+ | <cmath>\frac {K'E}{LF} = \frac {AB}{AC} \implies K' = K \implies Q = Q' \in GP.</cmath> | ||
+ | '''vladimir.shelomovskii@gmail.com, vvsss''' | ||
+ | ==Symmetry and incircle A== | ||
+ | [[File:Symmetry circle 2024 17.png|400px|right]] | ||
+ | Denote <math>\omega = \odot DEF, P \in \omega</math> is the arbitrary point. <math>Q = GP \cap \omega, Q \ne P.</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Prove that <math>BQ, CP,</math> and <math>AD</math> are concurrent. | ||
+ | |||
+ | <i><b>Proof</b></i> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Denote <math>I</math> is the incenter of <math>\triangle ABC, I' = GI \cap AD.</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Let us make the projective transformations mapping circle <math>\omega</math> onto circle and point <math>I'</math> onto center of this circle. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Denote <math>X_0</math> the result of transformation <math>T</math> of point <math>X: T(X) = X_0.</math> | ||
+ | This transformation maps point <math>G</math> to infinity. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Segment <math>AD</math> this transformation maps onto diameter <math>\omega_0,</math> onto <math>A_0D_0.</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | We use the cross-ratio <math>\frac {BC \cdot GD}{BD \cdot GC}</math> which is fixed, equation <math>\frac{T(GD)}{T(GC)} = 1,</math> the Claim, and get | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>\frac {B_0C_0}{B_0D_0} = 2,</math> so <math>D_0</math> is the midpoint of <math>B_0C_0 \implies A_0B_0 = A_0C_0.</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Point <math>G_0</math> in infinity, so <math>B_0C_0 || Q_0P_0 || F_0E_0.</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Lines <math>B_0Q_0 </math> and <math>C_0P_0</math> are crossing at the line of symmetry <math>A_0D_0,</math> therefore lines <math>BQ, CP,</math> and <math>AD</math> are concurrent. | ||
+ | |||
+ | <i><b>Claim</b></i> | ||
+ | [[File:2024 17 B.png|400px|right]] | ||
+ | Let <math>\triangle ABC</math> with incircle <math>\omega = \odot DEF, D \in BC, E \in AC, F\in AB</math> be given. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Point <math>G = BC \cap EF.</math> Prove <math>\frac {BC \cdot GD} {BD \cdot GC}= 2.</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <i><b>Proof</b></i> | ||
+ | |||
+ | WLOG, <math>AB < AC.</math> Denote <math>B'</math> the point in <math>AC</math> such that <math>AB' = AB.</math> | ||
+ | <cmath>EB' = FB, BB' || EF \implies \frac {B'C }{BC} = \frac {B'E}{BG} \implies</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>BG = \frac {BC \cdot B'E}{B'C} = \frac {BC \cdot BD}{AC - AB}.</cmath> | ||
+ | Denote <math>a= BC, b = AC, c = AB \implies BD = \frac {a+c - b}{2}, CD = \frac {a+b - c}{2},</math> | ||
+ | <cmath>BG = \frac {a(a+c - b)}{2(b - c)}, CG = BG + BC = \frac {a(a + b - c)}{2(b - c)}\implies \frac {BC \cdot GD} {BD \cdot CG}= 2.</cmath> | ||
+ | '''vladimir.shelomovskii@gmail.com, vvsss''' | ||
+ | |||
==Symmetry for 60 degrees angle== | ==Symmetry for 60 degrees angle== | ||
[[File:60 symm.png|350px|right]] | [[File:60 symm.png|350px|right]] | ||
Line 252: | Line 325: | ||
'''vladimir.shelomovskii@gmail.com, vvsss''' | '''vladimir.shelomovskii@gmail.com, vvsss''' | ||
+ | ==See also== | ||
+ | *[[Symmedian and Antiparallel]] |
Latest revision as of 13:04, 13 May 2024
A proof utilizes symmetry if the steps to prove one thing is identical to those steps of another. For example, to prove that in triangle ABC with all three sides congruent to each other that all three angles are equal, you only need to prove that if then
the other cases hold by symmetry because the steps are the same.
Contents
- 1 Hidden symmetry
- 2 Symmetry with respect angle bisectors
- 3 Symmetry with respect angle bisectors 1
- 4 Construction of triangle
- 5 Symmetry with respect angle bisectors 2
- 6 Symmetry of radical axes
- 7 Composition of symmetries
- 8 Composition of symmetries 1
- 9 Composition of symmetries 2
- 10 Symmetry and secant
- 11 Symmetry and incircle
- 12 Symmetry and incircle A
- 13 Symmetry for 60 degrees angle
- 14 See also
Hidden symmetry
Let the convex quadrilateral be given.
Prove that
Proof
Let be bisector
Let point be symmetric
with respect
is isosceles.
Therefore
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Symmetry with respect angle bisectors
Given the triangle is the incircle,
is the incenter,
Points and
are symmetrical to point
with respect to the lines containing the bisectors
and
respectively.
Prove that is the midpoint
Proof
Denote
The tangents from point to
are equal
Point is symmetrical to point
with respect
is symmetrical to segment
Symilarly,
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Symmetry with respect angle bisectors 1
The bisector intersect the incircle
of the triangle
at the point
The point
is symmetric to
with respect to
the point
is symmetric to
with respect to
Prove that
is the bisector of the segment
Proof
The point is symmetric to
with respect to
The point is symmetric to
with respect to
Similarly
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Construction of triangle
Given points and
at which the segments of the bisectors
and
respectively intersect the incircle of
centered at
Construct the triangle
Construction
We construct the incenter of as circumcenter of
If these points are collinear or if construction is impossible.
We construct bisectors and
We construct the points and
symmetrical to point
with respect to
and
respectively.
We construct the bisector and choose the point
as the point intersection with the circle
closest to the line
We construct a tangent to the the circle at the point
It intersects the lines
and
at points
and
respectively.
We construct the tangents to which are symmetrical to sideline
with respect to
and
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Symmetry with respect angle bisectors 2
Given the triangle is the incircle,
is the incenter,
Let be the point on sideline
Points and
are symmetrical to point
with respect to the lines
and
respectively. The line
contains point
Prove that is the midpoint
Proof
The segment is symmetric to
with respect to
the segment
is symmetric to
with respect to
So
Similarly at midpoint
or
or
We use the Law of Sines and get:
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Symmetry of radical axes
Let triangle be given. The point
and the circle
are the incenter and the circumcircle of
Circle centered at
has the radius
and intersects
at points
and
Line
is the tangent for
at the point
Prove that line is symmetry to the line
with respect axis
Proof
circle
centered at
contain points
and
and is tangent for
and
is the radical axis of
and
is the radical axis of
and
is the radical axis of
and
and
are concurrent (at point
)
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Composition of symmetries
Let the inscribed convex hexagon be given,
Prove that
Proof
Denote the circumcenter of
the common bisector
the common bisector
the smaller angle between lines
and
is the symmetry with respect axis
is the symmetry with respect axis
It is known that the composition of two axial symmetries with non-parallel axes is a rotation centered at point of intersection of the axes at twice the angle from the axis of the first symmetry to the axis of the second symmetry.
Therefore
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Composition of symmetries 1
Let the triangle be given.
is the incircle,
is the incenter,
is the circumcenter of
The point
is symmetric to
with respect to
is symmetric to
with respect to
is symmetric to
with respect to
Prove: a)
b)
Proof
a) Denote the smaller angle between
and
is the symmetry with respect axis
is the symmetry with respect axis
counterclockwise direction.
clockwise direction.
Therefore is parallel to tangent line for
at point
b) is homothetic to
is the circumcenter of
The center of the homothety lies on the line passing through the circumcenters of the triangles.
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Composition of symmetries 2
Let triangle be given. The point
and the circle
are the incenter and the incircle of
Let be the symmetry with respect axis
be the symmetry with respect axis
the symmetry with respect axis
Find the composition of axial symmetries with respect
and
Solution
It is known that the composition of three axial symmetries whose axes intersect at one point is an axial symmetry whose axis contains the same point
Consider the composition of axial symmetries for point
is a fixed point of transformation.
This means that the desired axis of symmetry contains points and
, this is a straight line
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Symmetry and secant
The circle centered at
and the point
be given. Let
and
be the tangents,
be the secant (
Segment intersects segment
at point
Prove that
Proof
Let be symmetric to
with respect the line
It is known that
We use symmetry and get
It is known that
Triangles and
have common side
Similar triangles and
have the areas ratio
Therefore
According the Cross-ratio criterion the four points are a harmonic range (on the real projective line).
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Symmetry and incircle
Let with incircle
be given.
Point
1. Let be the point in
Denote
Prove that
2. Let be the point in the segment
Let be the point in the ray
such that
Denote
Prove that points and
are collinear.
Proof
We use Menelaus theorem for a triangle
and a transversal line
and get:
2. Denote Then
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Symmetry and incircle A
Denote is the arbitrary point.
Prove that and
are concurrent.
Proof
Denote is the incenter of
Let us make the projective transformations mapping circle onto circle and point
onto center of this circle.
Denote the result of transformation
of point
This transformation maps point
to infinity.
Segment this transformation maps onto diameter
onto
We use the cross-ratio which is fixed, equation
the Claim, and get
so
is the midpoint of
Point in infinity, so
Lines and
are crossing at the line of symmetry
therefore lines
and
are concurrent.
Claim
Let with incircle
be given.
Point Prove
Proof
WLOG, Denote
the point in
such that
Denote
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Symmetry for 60 degrees angle
Let an isosceles triangle be given.
Let be the bisector of
a) Prove that
b) Prove that
Proof
a) One can find successively angles (see diagram).
b) Let
Let
Let
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