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Difference between revisions of "2015 AMC 10B Problems/Problem 22"
(→‎Solution 6(Trignometry))
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<asy>
 
<asy>
 
pair A=(cos(pi/5)-sin(pi/10),cos(pi/10)+sin(pi/5)), B=(2*cos(pi/5)-sin(pi/10),cos(pi/10)), C=(1,0), D=(0,0), E1=(-sin(pi/10),cos(pi/10));
 
pair A=(cos(pi/5)-sin(pi/10),cos(pi/10)+sin(pi/5)), B=(2*cos(pi/5)-sin(pi/10),cos(pi/10)), C=(1,0), D=(0,0), E1=(-sin(pi/10),cos(pi/10));
−
//(0,0) is a convenient point
 
−
//E1 to prevent conflict with direction E(ast)
 
 
pair F=intersectionpoints(D--A,E1--B)[0], G=intersectionpoints(A--C,E1--B)[0], H=intersectionpoints(B--D,A--C)[0], I=intersectionpoints(C--E1,D--B)[0], J=intersectionpoints(E1--C,D--A)[0];
 
pair F=intersectionpoints(D--A,E1--B)[0], G=intersectionpoints(A--C,E1--B)[0], H=intersectionpoints(B--D,A--C)[0], I=intersectionpoints(C--E1,D--B)[0], J=intersectionpoints(E1--C,D--A)[0];
 
draw(A--B--C--D--E1--A);
 
draw(A--B--C--D--E1--A);
Line 24: Line 22:
 
==Solution 1==
 
==Solution 1==
  
−
Notice that <math>JH=BH=BG=AG=1</math>. Since a 36-72-72 triangle has the congruent sides equal to <math>\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}</math> times the short base side, we have FG=<math>\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}+1}=\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{2}</math>. Now notice that <math>CD=AB=AH</math>, and that <math>\bigtriangleup AJH</math> is 36-72-72. So, <math>CD=\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}</math> and adding gives <math>\boxed{1+\sqrt{5}}</math>, or <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E)}}</math>.
+
<asy>
−
 
+
pair A=(cos(pi/5)-sin(pi/10),cos(pi/10)+sin(pi/5)), B=(2*cos(pi/5)-sin(pi/10),cos(pi/10)), C=(1,0), D=(0,0), E1=(-sin(pi/10),cos(pi/10));
−
==Solution 2==
+
//(0,0) is a convenient point
 +
//E1 to prevent conflict with direction E(ast)
 +
pair F=intersectionpoints(D--A,E1--B)[0], G=intersectionpoints(A--C,E1--B)[0], H=intersectionpoints(B--D,A--C)[0], I=intersectionpoints(C--E1,D--B)[0], J=intersectionpoints(E1--C,D--A)[0];
 +
draw(A--B--C--D--E1--A);
 +
draw(A--D--B--E1--C--A);
 +
draw(F--I--G--J--H--F);
 +
label("$A$",A,N);
 +
label("$B$",B,E);
 +
label("$C$",C,SE);
 +
label("$D$",D,SW);
 +
label("$E$",E1,W);
 +
label("$F$",F,NW);
 +
label("$G$",G,NE);
 +
label("$H$",H,E);
 +
label("$I$",I,S);
 +
label("$J$",J,W);
 +
</asy>
  
 
Triangle <math>AFG</math> is isosceles, so <math>AG=AF=1</math>. <math>FJ = FG</math> since <math>\triangle FGJ</math> is also isosceles. Using the symmetry of pentagon <math>FGHIJ</math>, notice that <math>\triangle JHG \cong \triangle AFG</math>. Therefore, <math>JH=AF=1</math>.
 
Triangle <math>AFG</math> is isosceles, so <math>AG=AF=1</math>. <math>FJ = FG</math> since <math>\triangle FGJ</math> is also isosceles. Using the symmetry of pentagon <math>FGHIJ</math>, notice that <math>\triangle JHG \cong \triangle AFG</math>. Therefore, <math>JH=AF=1</math>.
  
 
Since <math>\triangle AJH \sim \triangle AFG</math>,  
 
Since <math>\triangle AJH \sim \triangle AFG</math>,  
−
<cmath>\frac{JH}{AF+FJ}=\frac{FG}{FA}</cmath>.
+
<cmath>\frac{JH}{AF+FJ}=\frac{FG}{FA}</cmath>
 
<cmath>\frac{1}{1+FG} = \frac{FG}1</cmath>
 
<cmath>\frac{1}{1+FG} = \frac{FG}1</cmath>
 
<cmath>1 = FG^2 + FG</cmath>
 
<cmath>1 = FG^2 + FG</cmath>
Line 43: Line 57:
 
Therefore, <math>FG+JH+CD=\frac{-1+\sqrt5}2+1+\frac{1+\sqrt5}2=\boxed{\mathbf{(D)}\ 1+\sqrt{5}\ }</math>
 
Therefore, <math>FG+JH+CD=\frac{-1+\sqrt5}2+1+\frac{1+\sqrt5}2=\boxed{\mathbf{(D)}\ 1+\sqrt{5}\ }</math>
  
−
==Solution 3 (Trigonometry)==
 
−
Note that since <math>ABCDE</math> is a regular pentagon, all of its interior angles are <math>108^\circ</math>. We can say that pentagon <math>FGHIJ</math> is also regular by symmetry. So, all of the interior angles of <math>FGHIJ</math> are <math>108^\circ</math>. Now, we can angle chase and use trigonometry to get that <math>FG=2\sin18^\circ</math>, <math>JH=2\sin18^\circ*(2\sin18^\circ+1)</math>, and <math>DC=2\sin18^\circ*(2\sin18^\circ+2)</math>. Adding these together, we get that <math>FG+JH+CD=2\sin18^\circ*(4+4\sin18^\circ)=8\sin18^\circ*(1+\sin18^\circ)</math>. Because calculators were not permitted in the 2015 AMC 10B, we can not use a calculator to find out which of the options is equal to <math>8\sin18^\circ*(1+\sin18^\circ)</math>, but we can find that this is closest to <math>\boxed{\mathbf{(D)}\ 1+\sqrt{5}\ }</math>.
 
  
−
==Solution 4==
+
Note by Fasolinka: Alternatively, extend <math>FI</math> and call its intersection with <math>DC</math> <math>K</math>. It is not hard to see that quadrilaterals <math>FGCK</math> and <math>JHKD</math> are parallelograms, so <math>DC=DK+KC=JH+FG=1+\frac{-1+\sqrt{5}}{2}</math>, and the same result is achieved.
 +
 
 +
==Solution 2==
 +
 
 +
Notice that <math>JH=BH=BG=AG=1</math>. Since a <math>36-72-72</math> triangle has the congruent sides equal to <math>\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}</math> times the short base side, we have <math>FG=\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}+1}=\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{2}</math>. Now notice that <math>CD=AB=AH</math>, and that <math>\bigtriangleup AJH</math> is <math>36-72-72</math>. So, <math>CD=\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}</math> and adding gives <math>\boxed{1+\sqrt{5}}</math>, or <math>\boxed{\textbf{(D)}}</math>.
 +
 
 +
==Solution 3 (Trignometry)==
  
 
When you first see this problem you can't help but see similar triangles. But this shape is filled with <math>36 - 72 - 72</math> triangles throwing us off. First, let us write our answer in terms of one side length. I chose to write it in terms of <math>FG</math> so we can apply similar triangles easily. To simplify the process lets write <math>FG</math> as <math>x</math>.
 
When you first see this problem you can't help but see similar triangles. But this shape is filled with <math>36 - 72 - 72</math> triangles throwing us off. First, let us write our answer in terms of one side length. I chose to write it in terms of <math>FG</math> so we can apply similar triangles easily. To simplify the process lets write <math>FG</math> as <math>x</math>.
  
−
First what is <math>JH</math> in terms of <math>x</math>, also remember <math>AJ = 1+x</math>: <cmath>\frac{JH}{1+x}=\frac{x}{1}</cmath><math>JH</math> = <math>{x}^2+x</math>
+
First what is <math>JH</math> in terms of <math>x</math>, also remember <math>AJ = 1+x</math>: <cmath>\frac{JH}{1+x}=\frac{x}{1}</cmath><cmath>JH = {x}^2+x</cmath>
  
−
Next, find <math>DC</math> in terms of <math>x</math>, also remember <math>AD = 2+x</math>: <cmath>\frac{DC}{2+x}=\frac{x}{1}</cmath><math>DC</math> = <math>{x}^2+2x</math>
+
Next, find <math>DC</math> in terms of <math>x</math>, also remember <math>AD = 2+x</math>: <cmath>\frac{DC}{2+x}=\frac{x}{1}</cmath><cmath>DC = {x}^2+2x</cmath>
  
 
So adding all the <math>FG + JH + CD</math> we get <math>2{x}^2+4x</math>. Now we have to find out what x is. For this, we break out a bit of trig. Let's look at <math>\triangle AFG</math>. By the law of sines:   
 
So adding all the <math>FG + JH + CD</math> we get <math>2{x}^2+4x</math>. Now we have to find out what x is. For this, we break out a bit of trig. Let's look at <math>\triangle AFG</math>. By the law of sines:   
Line 62: Line 80:
  
 
A good thing to memorize for AMC and AIME is the exact values for all the nice sines and cosines. You would then know that:
 
A good thing to memorize for AMC and AIME is the exact values for all the nice sines and cosines. You would then know that:
−
<math>\cos(36)</math>= <cmath>\frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{4}</cmath>  
+
<cmath>\cos(36)= \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{4}</cmath>  
  
 
so now we know:  
 
so now we know:  
Line 69: Line 87:
 
Substituting back into <math>2{x}^2+4x</math> we get <math>FG+JH+CD=\boxed{\mathbf{(D)}\ 1+\sqrt{5}\ }</math>
 
Substituting back into <math>2{x}^2+4x</math> we get <math>FG+JH+CD=\boxed{\mathbf{(D)}\ 1+\sqrt{5}\ }</math>
  
−
==Solution 5 (Answer choices)==
+
== Solution 4 ==
−
 
 
−
Notice that <math>A</math> is trisected, meaning that <cmath>AG=BH=EJ=JH=1</cmath>.
 
−
Since <math>JH=1</math>, and the other lines we are supposed to solve for do not look like they can contribute to the whole number value, it is likely that <math>\boxed{\mathbf{(D)}\ 1+\sqrt{5}\ }</math> is our answer.
 
−
 
 
−
Note: Only do this if low on time since there could potentially be a weird figure affecting the <math>1</math>.
 
−
 
 
−
== Solution 6 ==
 
  
 
Notice that <math>\angle AFG=\angle AFB</math> and <math>\angle FAG=\angle ABF</math>, so we have <math>\bigtriangleup AFG=\bigtriangleup BAF</math>. Thus
 
Notice that <math>\angle AFG=\angle AFB</math> and <math>\angle FAG=\angle ABF</math>, so we have <math>\bigtriangleup AFG=\bigtriangleup BAF</math>. Thus
Line 98: Line 109:
 
Solving the equation gets <math>DC=\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}</math>
 
Solving the equation gets <math>DC=\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}</math>
  
−
Finally adding them up gets <math>FG+JH+DC=\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{2}+1+\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}=1+\sqrt{5}</math> <math>\boxed{\mathrm{(D)}}</math>
+
Finally adding them up gets <math>FG+JH+DC=\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{2}+1+\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}= \boxed{\mathbf{(D)}\ 1+\sqrt{5}\ }</math>
  
 
Note: this solution might be a bit complicated but it definitely works when none of the cleverer symmetries in Solution 1 is noticed.
 
Note: this solution might be a bit complicated but it definitely works when none of the cleverer symmetries in Solution 1 is noticed.
  
 
~ Nafer
 
~ Nafer
 +
 +
==Solution 5==
 +
 +
Note that:
 +
<cmath>\frac{FG}{DC}=\frac{AG}{AC}</cmath>
 +
<cmath>\frac{JH}{DC}=\frac{AH}{AC}</cmath>
 +
Summing the equations, we have:
 +
<cmath>\frac{FG + JH + CD}{CD} - 1 = \frac{2 + GH}{AC}</cmath>
 +
We know that <cmath>AC = 2 + GH</cmath>
 +
So we have
 +
<cmath>\frac{FG+JH+CD}{CD} - 1 = 1 \Rightarrow FG + JH + CD = 2 \cdot CD</cmath>
 +
All that remains is to find <math>CD.</math> By the law of cosines, we have
 +
<cmath>
 +
\begin{align*}
 +
CD^2 &= 2 - 2 \cos 108\\
 +
&= 2 - \frac{1 - \sqrt{5}}{2} \\
 +
&= \frac{3 + \sqrt{5}}{2}
 +
\end{align*}</cmath>
 +
 +
Thus,
 +
<cmath>\begin{align*}
 +
2 \cdot CD &= 2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{3 + \sqrt{5}}{2}} \\
 +
&= 2 \cdot \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} \\
 +
&= \boxed{\mathbf{(D)}\ 1 + \sqrt{5}}
 +
\end{align*}</cmath>
 +
 +
I'll leave you to convince yourself about certain facts that were deduced in order to obtain these equations.
 +
 +
~mathboy282
 +
 +
==Solution 6(Trignometry)==
 +
 +
Let's denote the length FG <math>x</math>. From similarity, GH, HI, JI, and JF are also x. Now, because <math>\triangle AFG \sim \triangle AJH \sim \triangle ACD</math> by SAS similarity, we can write the lengths of FG + JH + CD as <math>2x^2+4x</math>. We obtain this result by directly writing out the similarity statements and then multiplying.
 +
 +
So all we have to do is find x. Because a regular pentagon has angles of 108 degrees, with an easy angle chase we can find <math>\angle AGF = 72</math>. Now drop the altitude from A, and call the point T. Since <math>\angle GAT = 18</math> degrees, we can easily use sine18 deg to find TG = <math>\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{4}</math> and therefore x = <math>\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{4}</math>. Plugging this into <math>2x^2+4x</math>, we obtain the result <math>\boxed{\mathbf{(D)}\ 1 + \sqrt{5}}</math>.
 +
 +
~MathCosine
 +
 +
== Video Solution ==
 +
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TpHZVbBGmVQ (Beauty of Math)
  
 
==See Also==
 
==See Also==

Revision as of 17:52, 18 August 2024

Problem

In the figure shown below, $ABCDE$ is a regular pentagon and $AG=1$. What is $FG + JH + CD$? [asy] pair A=(cos(pi/5)-sin(pi/10),cos(pi/10)+sin(pi/5)), B=(2*cos(pi/5)-sin(pi/10),cos(pi/10)), C=(1,0), D=(0,0), E1=(-sin(pi/10),cos(pi/10)); pair F=intersectionpoints(D--A,E1--B)[0], G=intersectionpoints(A--C,E1--B)[0], H=intersectionpoints(B--D,A--C)[0], I=intersectionpoints(C--E1,D--B)[0], J=intersectionpoints(E1--C,D--A)[0]; draw(A--B--C--D--E1--A); draw(A--D--B--E1--C--A); draw(F--I--G--J--H--F); label("$A$",A,N); label("$B$",B,E); label("$C$",C,SE); label("$D$",D,SW); label("$E$",E1,W); label("$F$",F,NW); label("$G$",G,NE); label("$H$",H,E); label("$I$",I,S); label("$J$",J,W); [/asy] $\textbf{(A) } 3 \qquad\textbf{(B) } 12-4\sqrt5 \qquad\textbf{(C) } \dfrac{5+2\sqrt5}{3} \qquad\textbf{(D) } 1+\sqrt5 \qquad\textbf{(E) } \dfrac{11+11\sqrt5}{10}$

Solution 1

[asy] pair A=(cos(pi/5)-sin(pi/10),cos(pi/10)+sin(pi/5)), B=(2*cos(pi/5)-sin(pi/10),cos(pi/10)), C=(1,0), D=(0,0), E1=(-sin(pi/10),cos(pi/10)); //(0,0) is a convenient point //E1 to prevent conflict with direction E(ast) pair F=intersectionpoints(D--A,E1--B)[0], G=intersectionpoints(A--C,E1--B)[0], H=intersectionpoints(B--D,A--C)[0], I=intersectionpoints(C--E1,D--B)[0], J=intersectionpoints(E1--C,D--A)[0]; draw(A--B--C--D--E1--A); draw(A--D--B--E1--C--A); draw(F--I--G--J--H--F); label("$A$",A,N); label("$B$",B,E); label("$C$",C,SE); label("$D$",D,SW); label("$E$",E1,W); label("$F$",F,NW); label("$G$",G,NE); label("$H$",H,E); label("$I$",I,S); label("$J$",J,W); [/asy]

Triangle $AFG$ is isosceles, so $AG=AF=1$. $FJ = FG$ since $\triangle FGJ$ is also isosceles. Using the symmetry of pentagon $FGHIJ$, notice that $\triangle JHG \cong \triangle AFG$. Therefore, $JH=AF=1$.

Since $\triangle AJH \sim \triangle AFG$, \[\frac{JH}{AF+FJ}=\frac{FG}{FA}\] \[\frac{1}{1+FG} = \frac{FG}1\] \[1 = FG^2 + FG\] \[FG^2+FG-1 = 0\] \[FG = \frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{5} }{2}\]

So, $FG=\frac{-1 + \sqrt{5}}{2}$ since $FG$ must be greater than 0.

Notice that $CD = AE = AJ = AF + FJ = 1 + \frac{-1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2}$.

Therefore, $FG+JH+CD=\frac{-1+\sqrt5}2+1+\frac{1+\sqrt5}2=\boxed{\mathbf{(D)}\ 1+\sqrt{5}\ }$


Note by Fasolinka: Alternatively, extend $FI$ and call its intersection with $DC$ $K$. It is not hard to see that quadrilaterals $FGCK$ and $JHKD$ are parallelograms, so $DC=DK+KC=JH+FG=1+\frac{-1+\sqrt{5}}{2}$, and the same result is achieved.

Solution 2

Notice that $JH=BH=BG=AG=1$. Since a $36-72-72$ triangle has the congruent sides equal to $\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}$ times the short base side, we have $FG=\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}+1}=\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{2}$. Now notice that $CD=AB=AH$, and that $\bigtriangleup AJH$ is $36-72-72$. So, $CD=\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}$ and adding gives $\boxed{1+\sqrt{5}}$, or $\boxed{\textbf{(D)}}$.

Solution 3 (Trignometry)

When you first see this problem you can't help but see similar triangles. But this shape is filled with $36 - 72 - 72$ triangles throwing us off. First, let us write our answer in terms of one side length. I chose to write it in terms of $FG$ so we can apply similar triangles easily. To simplify the process lets write $FG$ as $x$.

First what is $JH$ in terms of $x$, also remember $AJ = 1+x$: \[\frac{JH}{1+x}=\frac{x}{1}\]\[JH = {x}^2+x\]

Next, find $DC$ in terms of $x$, also remember $AD = 2+x$: \[\frac{DC}{2+x}=\frac{x}{1}\]\[DC = {x}^2+2x\]

So adding all the $FG + JH + CD$ we get $2{x}^2+4x$. Now we have to find out what x is. For this, we break out a bit of trig. Let's look at $\triangle AFG$. By the law of sines: \[\frac{x}{\sin(36)}=\frac{1}{\sin(72)}\] \[x=\frac{\sin(36)}{\sin(72)}\]

Now by the double angle identities in trig. $\sin(72) = 2\sin(36)\cos(36)$ substituting in \[x=\frac{1}{2\cos(36)}\]

A good thing to memorize for AMC and AIME is the exact values for all the nice sines and cosines. You would then know that: \[\cos(36)= \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{4}\]

so now we know: \[x = \frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}} = \frac{-1+\sqrt{5}}{2}\]

Substituting back into $2{x}^2+4x$ we get $FG+JH+CD=\boxed{\mathbf{(D)}\ 1+\sqrt{5}\ }$

Solution 4

Notice that $\angle AFG=\angle AFB$ and $\angle FAG=\angle ABF$, so we have $\bigtriangleup AFG=\bigtriangleup BAF$. Thus \[\frac{AF}{FG}=\frac{FB}{JH}\] \[\frac{AF}{FG}=\frac{FG+GB}{AF}\] \[\frac{1}{FG}=\frac{FG+1}{1}\] Solving the equation gets $FG=\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{2}$.

Since $\bigtriangleup AFG=\bigtriangleup AJH$ \[\frac{AF}{FG}=\frac{AJ}{JH}\] \[\frac{AF}{FG}=\frac{AF+FJ}{JH}\] \[\frac{AF}{FG}=\frac{AF+FG}{JH}\] \[\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{2}}=\frac{1+\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{2}}{JH}\] Solving the equation gets $JH=1$.

Since $\bigtriangleup AFG=\bigtriangleup ADC$ \[\frac{AF}{FG}=\frac{AD}{DC}\] \[\frac{AF}{FG}=\frac{AD+FJ+JD}{DC}\] \[\frac{AF}{FG}=\frac{2AF+FG}{DC}\] \[\frac{1}{\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{2}}=\frac{2+\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{2}}{DC}\] Solving the equation gets $DC=\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}$

Finally adding them up gets $FG+JH+DC=\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{2}+1+\frac{\sqrt{5}+1}{2}= \boxed{\mathbf{(D)}\ 1+\sqrt{5}\ }$

Note: this solution might be a bit complicated but it definitely works when none of the cleverer symmetries in Solution 1 is noticed.

~ Nafer

Solution 5

Note that: \[\frac{FG}{DC}=\frac{AG}{AC}\] \[\frac{JH}{DC}=\frac{AH}{AC}\] Summing the equations, we have: \[\frac{FG + JH + CD}{CD} - 1 = \frac{2 + GH}{AC}\] We know that \[AC = 2 + GH\] So we have \[\frac{FG+JH+CD}{CD} - 1 = 1 \Rightarrow FG + JH + CD = 2 \cdot CD\] All that remains is to find $CD.$ By the law of cosines, we have \begin{align*} CD^2 &= 2 - 2 \cos 108\\ &= 2 - \frac{1 - \sqrt{5}}{2} \\ &= \frac{3 + \sqrt{5}}{2} \end{align*}

Thus, \begin{align*} 2 \cdot CD &= 2 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{3 + \sqrt{5}}{2}} \\ &= 2 \cdot \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2} \\ &= \boxed{\mathbf{(D)}\ 1 + \sqrt{5}} \end{align*}

I'll leave you to convince yourself about certain facts that were deduced in order to obtain these equations.

~mathboy282

Solution 6(Trignometry)

Let's denote the length FG $x$. From similarity, GH, HI, JI, and JF are also x. Now, because $\triangle AFG \sim \triangle AJH \sim \triangle ACD$ by SAS similarity, we can write the lengths of FG + JH + CD as $2x^2+4x$. We obtain this result by directly writing out the similarity statements and then multiplying.

So all we have to do is find x. Because a regular pentagon has angles of 108 degrees, with an easy angle chase we can find $\angle AGF = 72$. Now drop the altitude from A, and call the point T. Since $\angle GAT = 18$ degrees, we can easily use sine18 deg to find TG = $\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{4}$ and therefore x = $\frac{\sqrt{5}-1}{4}$. Plugging this into $2x^2+4x$, we obtain the result $\boxed{\mathbf{(D)}\ 1 + \sqrt{5}}$.

~MathCosine

Video Solution

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TpHZVbBGmVQ (Beauty of Math)

See Also

2015 AMC 10B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 21 		Followed by
Problem 23
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All AMC 10 Problems and Solutions

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