Difference between revisions of "2021 AIME I Problems/Problem 11"
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==Solution 3 (Pythagorean Theorem)== | ==Solution 3 (Pythagorean Theorem)== | ||
− | We assume that the two quadrilateral mentioned in the problem are similar (due to both of them being cyclic). Note that by Ptolemy’s, one of the diagonals has length <math>\sqrt{4 \cdot 6 + 5 \cdot 7} = \sqrt{59}.</math> [I don't believe this is correct... are the two diagonals of <math>ABCD</math> necessarily congruent? -peace09] WLOG we focus on diagonal <math>BD.</math> To find the diagonal of the inner quadrilateral, we drop the altitude from <math>A</math> and <math>C</math> and calculate the length of <math>A_1C_1.</math> Let <math>x</math> be <math>A_1D</math> (Thus <math>A_1B = \sqrt{59} - x.</math> By Pythagorean theorem, we have <cmath>49 - x^2 = 16 - \left(\sqrt{59} - x\right)^2 \implies 92 = 2\sqrt{59}x \implies x = \frac{46}{\sqrt{59}} = \frac{46\sqrt{59}}{59}.</cmath> Now let <math>y</math> be <math>C_1D.</math> (thus making <math>C_1B = \sqrt{59} - y</math>). Similarly, we have <cmath>36 - y^2 = 25 - \left(\sqrt{59} - y\right)^2 \implies 70 = 2\sqrt{59}y \implies y = \frac{35}{\sqrt{59}} = \frac{35\sqrt{59}}{59}.</cmath> We see that <math>A_1C_1</math>, the scaled down diagonal is just <math>x - y = \frac{11\sqrt{59}}{59},</math> which is <math>\frac{\frac{11\sqrt{59}}{59}}{\sqrt{59}} = \frac{11}{59}</math> times our original diagonal <math>BD,</math> implying a scale factor of <math>\frac{11}{59}.</math> Thus, due to perimeters scaling linearly, the perimeter of the new quadrilateral is simply <math>\frac{11}{59} \cdot 22 = \frac{242}{59},</math> making our answer <math>242+59 = \boxed{301}.</math> | + | We assume that the two quadrilateral mentioned in the problem are similar (due to both of them being cyclic). Note that by Ptolemy’s, one of the diagonals has length <math>\sqrt{4 \cdot 6 + 5 \cdot 7} = \sqrt{59}.</math> [I don't believe this is correct... are the two diagonals of <math>ABCD</math> necessarily congruent? -peace09]* WLOG we focus on diagonal <math>BD.</math> To find the diagonal of the inner quadrilateral, we drop the altitude from <math>A</math> and <math>C</math> and calculate the length of <math>A_1C_1.</math> Let <math>x</math> be <math>A_1D</math> (Thus <math>A_1B = \sqrt{59} - x.</math> By Pythagorean theorem, we have <cmath>49 - x^2 = 16 - \left(\sqrt{59} - x\right)^2 \implies 92 = 2\sqrt{59}x \implies x = \frac{46}{\sqrt{59}} = \frac{46\sqrt{59}}{59}.</cmath> Now let <math>y</math> be <math>C_1D.</math> (thus making <math>C_1B = \sqrt{59} - y</math>). Similarly, we have <cmath>36 - y^2 = 25 - \left(\sqrt{59} - y\right)^2 \implies 70 = 2\sqrt{59}y \implies y = \frac{35}{\sqrt{59}} = \frac{35\sqrt{59}}{59}.</cmath> We see that <math>A_1C_1</math>, the scaled down diagonal is just <math>x - y = \frac{11\sqrt{59}}{59},</math> which is <math>\frac{\frac{11\sqrt{59}}{59}}{\sqrt{59}} = \frac{11}{59}</math> times our original diagonal <math>BD,</math> implying a scale factor of <math>\frac{11}{59}.</math> Thus, due to perimeters scaling linearly, the perimeter of the new quadrilateral is simply <math>\frac{11}{59} \cdot 22 = \frac{242}{59},</math> making our answer <math>242+59 = \boxed{301}.</math> |
~fidgetboss_4000 | ~fidgetboss_4000 | ||
+ | <cmath></cmath> | ||
+ | <math>*</math>Indeed, the diagonals do not have length <math>\sqrt{59}</math>. However, here's why it works out: Let the length of diagonal BD be a. Then, by the same logic as given in the solution by fidgetboss_4000, <math>x=\frac{33+a^{2}}{2a}</math>, <math>y=\frac{11+a^{2}}{2a}</math>, so <math>x-y=\frac{11}{a}</math>. Then, why does dividing by a to get a ratio work? It's because the orientation of quadrilaterals is different! In other words, instead of diagonal BD corresponding to diagonal <math>B_1</math> <math>D_1</math>, it corresponds to diagonal <math>A_1</math> <math>C_1</math>. Thus, to get the right ratio, we can find the ratio of the multiplied diagonals, then take the square root (this square root part is crucial. It happens because we essentially are taking something two-dimensional on the numerator and denominator, so to make it a one-dimensional similarity ratio, we must take the square root to half the dimension on each part). This yields <math>\sqrt{\frac{121}{a^{2}\cdot b^{2}}}</math>=<math>\frac{11}{a\cdot b}</math>. However, by Ptolemy, <math>a\cdot b</math>=59. Thus, the ratio is indeed <math>\frac{11}{59}</math>. ~MATH-TITAN | ||
==Solution 4 (Symmetry)== | ==Solution 4 (Symmetry)== | ||
− | + | <i><b>Solution</b></i> | |
− | In the triangle <math>ABC</math>, the points <math>B'</math> and <math>C'</math> are the bases of the heights dropped from the vertices <math>B</math> and <math>C</math>, respectively. <math>\angle A = \alpha</math>. Then < | + | [[File:AIME-I-2021-11a.png|350px|right]] |
+ | |||
+ | In accordance with <b>Claim 1,</b> the ratios of pairs of one-color segments are the same and equal to <math>\cos \theta,</math> where <math>\theta</math> is the acute angle between the diagonals. | ||
+ | <cmath>\begin{align*} | ||
+ | s &= A'B' + B'C' + C'D' + D'A' \\ | ||
+ | &= (AB + BC + CD + DA)\cos \theta \\ | ||
+ | &= (a + b + c + d)\cos \theta \\ | ||
+ | &= 22\cos \theta. | ||
+ | \end{align*}</cmath> | ||
+ | In accordance with <b>Claim 2,</b> | ||
+ | <cmath>\begin{align*} 2(ac + bd)\cos \theta = |d^2 – c^2 + b^2 – a^2|.\end{align*}</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>2 \cdot 59 \cos \theta = |13 + 9|.</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>s = 22\cos \theta = \frac{22 \cdot 11}{59} = \frac{242}{59}.</cmath> | ||
+ | Therefore, the answer is <math>242+59=\boxed{301}.</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <i><b>Claim 1</b></i> | ||
+ | [[File:AIME-I-2021-11b.png|500px|right]] | ||
+ | In the triangle <math>ABC</math>, the points <math>B'</math> and <math>C'</math> are the bases of the heights dropped from the vertices <math>B</math> and <math>C</math>, respectively. <math>\angle A = \alpha</math>. Then | ||
+ | <cmath>B'C'=\begin{cases} | ||
+ | BC \cos\alpha, & \textrm{if } \alpha < 90^\circ, \\ | ||
+ | BC \cos (180^\circ – \alpha), & \textrm{if } \alpha >90^\circ. | ||
+ | \end{cases}=|BC\cos{\alpha}| | ||
+ | </cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <i><b>Proof</b></i> | ||
− | |||
Denote the orthocenter by <math>A'</math>. Quadrilateral <math>B'C'BC</math> is inscribed in a circle with diameter <math>BC</math>, so the marked <math>\angle B = \angle B'.</math> | Denote the orthocenter by <math>A'</math>. Quadrilateral <math>B'C'BC</math> is inscribed in a circle with diameter <math>BC</math>, so the marked <math>\angle B = \angle B'.</math> | ||
− | If <math>\alpha < \ | + | If <math>\alpha < 90^\circ,</math> the <math>\triangle AB'C' \sim \triangle ABC,</math> the similarity coefficient is <math>AC' : AC = \cos \alpha.</math> |
So <math>B'C' : BC = \cos \alpha.</math> | So <math>B'C' : BC = \cos \alpha.</math> | ||
− | If <math>\alpha | + | If <math>\alpha > 90^\circ,</math> the <math>\triangle A'B'C' \sim \triangle A'BC,</math> the similarity coefficient is |
− | <math>A'C' : | + | <math>A'C' : A'C = \cos (180^\circ – \alpha).</math> So <math>B'C' : BC = \cos (180^\circ – \alpha).</math> |
− | [[File: | + | <i><b>Claim 2</b></i> |
+ | [[File:AIME-I-2021-11c.png|300px|right]] | ||
+ | Given an inscribed quadrilateral <math>ABCD</math> with sides <math>AB = a, BC = b, CD = c,</math> and <math>DA = d.</math> Prove that the <math>\angle \theta < 90^\circ</math> between the diagonals is given by | ||
+ | <cmath>\begin{align*} \cos \theta = \frac {|d^2 – c^2 + b^2 – a^2|}{2(ac + bd)}.\end{align*}</cmath> | ||
+ | <i><b>Proof</b></i> | ||
− | + | Let the point <math>B'</math> be symmetric to <math>B</math> with respect to the perpendicular bisector <math>AC.</math> Then the quadrilateral <math>AB'CD</math> is an inscribed one, <math>AB' = b, B'C = a.</math> | |
− | + | <cmath> 2 \angle AEB = \overset{\Large\frown} {AB} + \overset{\Large\frown} {CD}.</cmath> | |
− | <cmath>\begin{align*}2 | + | <cmath>\begin{align*} 2\angle B'AD = \overset{\Large\frown} {B'C} + \overset{\Large\frown} {CD} = \overset{\Large\frown} {AB} + \overset{\Large\frown} {CD} \implies \angle AEB = \angle B'AD\end{align*}</cmath> |
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We apply the Law of Cosines to <math>\triangle AB'D</math> and <math>\triangle CB'D</math>: | We apply the Law of Cosines to <math>\triangle AB'D</math> and <math>\triangle CB'D</math>: | ||
− | <cmath>\begin{align*} B'D^2 = AD^2 + AB'^2 – 2 AD \cdot AB' \cos \theta = CD^2 + CB'^2 + 2 CD \cdot CB' \cos \theta, | + | <cmath>\begin{align*} B'D^2 = AD^2 + AB'^2 – 2 AD \cdot AB' \cos \theta,\end{align*}</cmath> |
− | <cmath> | + | <cmath>B'D^2 = CD^2 + CB'^2 + 2 CD \cdot CB' \cos \theta,</cmath> |
− | <cmath> | + | <cmath>d^2 + b^2 – 2 bd \cos \theta = c^2 + a^2 + 2ac \cos \theta,</cmath> |
− | + | <cmath>2(ac + bd) \cos \theta = |d^2 – c^2 + b^2 – a^2|.</cmath> | |
− | + | '''vladimir.shelomovskii@gmail.com, vvsss''' | |
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− | [[ | + | ==Note== |
+ | This problem is kinda similar to [[2021 AIME II Problems/Problem 12]] | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
{{AIME box|year=2021|n=I|num-b=10|num-a=12}} | {{AIME box|year=2021|n=I|num-b=10|num-a=12}} | ||
{{MAA Notice}} | {{MAA Notice}} |
Latest revision as of 18:56, 24 December 2023
Contents
Problem
Let be a cyclic quadrilateral with and Let and be the feet of the perpendiculars from and respectively, to line and let and be the feet of the perpendiculars from and respectively, to line The perimeter of is where and are relatively prime positive integers. Find
Diagram
~MRENTHUSIASM
Solution 1 (Cyclic Quadrilaterals, Similar Triangles, and Trigonometry)
This solution refers to the Diagram section.
By the Converse of the Inscribed Angle Theorem, if distinct points and lie on the same side of (but not on itself) for which then and are cyclic. From the Converse of the Inscribed Angle Theorem, quadrilaterals and are all cyclic.
Suppose and intersect at and let It follows that and
We obtain the following diagram: In every cyclic quadrilateral, each pair of opposite angles is supplementary. So, we have (both supplementary to ) and (both supplementary to ), from which by AA, with the ratio of similitude Similarly, we have (both supplementary to ) and (both supplementary to ), from which by AA, with the ratio of similitude We apply the Transitive Property to and
- We get so by SAS, with the ratio of similitude
- We get so by SAS, with the ratio of similitude
From and the perimeter of is Two solutions follow from here:
Solution 1.1 (Law of Cosines)
Note that holds for all We apply the Law of Cosines to and respectively: We subtract from Finally, substituting this result into gives from which the answer is
~MRENTHUSIASM (credit given to Math Jams's 2021 AIME I Discussion)
Solution 1.2 (Area Formulas)
Let the brackets denote areas. We find in two different ways:
- Note that holds for all By area addition, we get
- By Brahmagupta's Formula, we get where is the semiperimeter of
Equating the expressions for we have so Since we have It follows that Finally, substituting this result into gives from which the answer is
~MRENTHUSIASM (credit given to Leonard my dude)
Remark (Ptolemy's Theorem)
In we have ~MRENTHUSIASM
Solution 2 (Finding cos x)
The angle between diagonals satisfies (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_quadrilateral#Angle_formulas). Thus, That is, or . Thus, or . So, In this context, . Thus, . The perimeter of is and the answer is .
~y.grace.yu
Solution 3 (Pythagorean Theorem)
We assume that the two quadrilateral mentioned in the problem are similar (due to both of them being cyclic). Note that by Ptolemy’s, one of the diagonals has length [I don't believe this is correct... are the two diagonals of necessarily congruent? -peace09]* WLOG we focus on diagonal To find the diagonal of the inner quadrilateral, we drop the altitude from and and calculate the length of Let be (Thus By Pythagorean theorem, we have Now let be (thus making ). Similarly, we have We see that , the scaled down diagonal is just which is times our original diagonal implying a scale factor of Thus, due to perimeters scaling linearly, the perimeter of the new quadrilateral is simply making our answer
~fidgetboss_4000
Indeed, the diagonals do not have length . However, here's why it works out: Let the length of diagonal BD be a. Then, by the same logic as given in the solution by fidgetboss_4000, , , so . Then, why does dividing by a to get a ratio work? It's because the orientation of quadrilaterals is different! In other words, instead of diagonal BD corresponding to diagonal , it corresponds to diagonal . Thus, to get the right ratio, we can find the ratio of the multiplied diagonals, then take the square root (this square root part is crucial. It happens because we essentially are taking something two-dimensional on the numerator and denominator, so to make it a one-dimensional similarity ratio, we must take the square root to half the dimension on each part). This yields =. However, by Ptolemy, =59. Thus, the ratio is indeed . ~MATH-TITAN
Solution 4 (Symmetry)
Solution
In accordance with Claim 1, the ratios of pairs of one-color segments are the same and equal to where is the acute angle between the diagonals. In accordance with Claim 2, Therefore, the answer is
Claim 1
In the triangle , the points and are the bases of the heights dropped from the vertices and , respectively. . Then
Proof
Denote the orthocenter by . Quadrilateral is inscribed in a circle with diameter , so the marked
If the the similarity coefficient is So
If the the similarity coefficient is So
Claim 2
Given an inscribed quadrilateral with sides and Prove that the between the diagonals is given by Proof
Let the point be symmetric to with respect to the perpendicular bisector Then the quadrilateral is an inscribed one,
We apply the Law of Cosines to and : vladimir.shelomovskii@gmail.com, vvsss
Note
This problem is kinda similar to 2021 AIME II Problems/Problem 12
See Also
2021 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 10 |
Followed by Problem 12 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 | ||
All AIME Problems and Solutions |
The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.