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Difference between revisions of "2024 AIME II Problems/Problem 13"
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==Problem==
 
Let <math>\omega\neq 1</math> be a 13th root of unity. Find the remainder when
 
Let <math>\omega\neq 1</math> be a 13th root of unity. Find the remainder when
 +
<cmath>\prod_{k=0}^{12}(2-2\omega^k+\omega^{2k})</cmath>
 +
is divided by 1000.
 +
 +
==Solution 1==
 +
<cmath>\prod_{k=0}^{12} \left(2- 2\omega^k + \omega^{2k}\right) = \prod_{k=0}^{12} \left((1 - \omega^k)^2 + 1\right) = \prod_{k=0}^{12} \left((1 + i) - \omega^k)((1 - i) - \omega^k\right)</cmath>
 +
 +
Now, we consider the polynomial <math>x^{13} - 1</math> whose roots are the 13th roots of unity. Taking our rewritten product from <math>0</math> to <math>12</math>, we see that both instances of <math>\omega^k</math> cycle through each of the 13th roots. Then, our answer is:
 +
 +
<cmath>((1 + i)^{13} - 1)(1 - i)^{13} - 1)</cmath>
 +
 +
<cmath>= (-64(1 + i) - 1)(-64(1 - i) - 1)</cmath>
 +
 +
<cmath>= (65 + 64i)(65 - 64i)</cmath>
 +
 +
<cmath>= 65^2 + 64^2</cmath>
 +
 +
<cmath>= 8\boxed{\textbf{321}} </cmath>
 +
 +
~Mqnic_
 +
 +
==Solution 2==
 +
 +
To find <math>\prod_{k=0}^{12} (2 - 2w^k + w^{2k})</math>, where <math>w\neq1</math> and <math>w^{13}=1</math>, rewrite this is as
 +
 +
<math>(r-w)(s-w)(r-w^2)(s-w^2)...(r-w^{12})(s-w^{12})</math> where <math>r</math> and <math>s</math> are the roots of the quadratic <math>x^2-2x+2=0</math>.
 +
 +
Grouping the <math>r</math>'s and <math>s</math>'s results in <math>\frac{r^{13}-1}{r-1} \cdot\frac{s^{13}-1}{s-1}</math>
 +
 +
the denomiator <math>(r-1)(s-1)=1</math> by vietas.
 +
 +
the numerator <math>(rs)^{13} - (r^{13} + s^{13}) + 1 = 2^{13} - (-128) + 1= 8321</math> by newtons sums
 +
 +
so the answer is <math>\boxed{321}</math>
 +
 +
~resources
 +
 +
==Solution 3==
 +
 +
Denote <math>r_j = e^{\frac{i 2 \pi j}{13}}</math> for <math>j \in \left\{ 0, 1, \cdots , 12 \right\}</math>.
 +
 +
Thus, for <math>\omega \neq 1</math>, <math>\left( \omega^0, \omega^1, \cdots, \omega^{12} \right)</math> is a permutation of <math>\left( r_0, r_1, \cdots, r_{12} \right)</math>.
 +
 +
We have
 +
\begin{align*}\
 +
\Pi_{k = 0}^{12} \left( 2 - 2 \omega^k + \omega^{2k} \right)
 +
& = \Pi_{k=0}^{12} \left( 1 + i - \omega^k \right)
 +
\left( 1 - i - \omega^k \right) \\
 +
& = \Pi_{k=0}^{12} \left( \sqrt{2} e^{i \frac{\pi}{4}} - \omega^k \right)
 +
\left( \sqrt{2} e^{-i \frac{\pi}{4}} - \omega^k \right) \\
 +
& = \Pi_{k=0}^{12} \left( \sqrt{2} e^{i \frac{\pi}{4}} - r_k \right)
 +
\left( \sqrt{2} e^{-i \frac{\pi}{4}} - r_k \right) \\
 +
& = \left(
 +
\Pi_{k=0}^{12} \left( \sqrt{2} e^{i \frac{\pi}{4}} - r_k \right)
 +
\right)
 +
\left(
 +
\Pi_{k=0}^{12} \left( \sqrt{2} e^{-i \frac{\pi}{4}} - r_k \right)
 +
\right) . \hspace{1cm} (1)
 +
\end{align*}
 +
The third equality follows from the above permutation property.
 +
 +
Note that <math>r_0, r_1, \cdots , r_{12}</math> are all zeros of the polynomial <math>z^{13} - 1</math>.
 +
Thus,
 +
<cmath>
 +
\[
 +
z^{13} - 1
 +
= \Pi_{k=0}^{12} \left( z - r_k \right) .
 +
\]
 +
</cmath>
 +
 +
Plugging this into Equation (1), we get
 +
\begin{align*}
 +
(1)
 +
& = \left( \left( \sqrt{2} e^{i \frac{\pi}{4}} \right)^{13} - 1 \right)
 +
\left( \left( \sqrt{2} e^{-i \frac{\pi}{4}} \right)^{13} - 1 \right) \\
 +
& = \left( - 2^{13/2} e^{i \frac{\pi}{4}} - 1 \right)
 +
\left( - 2^{13/2} e^{-i \frac{\pi}{4}} - 1 \right) \\
 +
& = 2^{13} + 1 + 2^{13/2} \cdot 2 \cos \frac{\pi}{4} \\
 +
& = 2^{13} + 1 + 2^7 \\
 +
& = 8321 .
 +
\end{align*}
 +
 +
Therefore, the answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(321) }}</math>.
 +
 +
~Steven Chen (Professor Chen Education Palace, www.professorchenedu.com)
 +
 +
 +
 +
 +
==Solution 4==
 +
 +
 +
Since <math>\omega \ne 1</math> is a <math>13^\text{th}</math> root of unity, and <math>13</math> is a prime, we have
 +
<cmath>
 +
        f(z) \coloneqq  z^{13} - 1 = \prod_{k = 0}^{12}(z - \omega^k)
 +
</cmath>
 +
by the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra. Next, observe that the quadratic <math>2 - 2z + z^2</math> factors as
 +
<cmath>
 +
      2 - 2z + z^2 = (1 - i - z)(1 + i - z).
 +
</cmath>
 +
Take the product of the above identity over <math>z \in \{1, \omega, \omega^2, \dots, \omega^{12} \}</math> to get the product of interest \begin{align*}
 +
P &:= \prod_{k = 0}^{12}(2 - 2\omega^k + \omega^{2k}) \\
 +
&= \prod_{k = 0}^{12}(1 - i - \omega^k) \cdot \prod_{k = 0}^{12}(1 + i - \omega^k) \\
 +
&= f(1-i) \cdot f(1+i) \\
 +
&= \overline{f(1+i)} \cdot f(1+i) \\
 +
P &= \big| f(1+i) \big|^2.
 +
\end{align*}
 +
(Here, we use the fact that <math>f(\overline{z}) = \overline{f(z)}</math> whenever <math>f(z)</math> is a polynomial of real coefficients.) Next, notice that
 
<cmath>
 
<cmath>
−
\prod_{k=0}^{12}(2-2\omega^k+\omega^{2k})
+
(1+i)^{13} = (1+i)(1+i)^{12} = (1+i)\big( (1+i)^2 \big)^6 = (1+i)(2i)^6 = -64 - 64i
 
</cmath>
 
</cmath>
−
is divided by 1000.
+
which means <math>f(1+i) = (1+i)^{13} - 1 = -65 - 64i</math>. So
 +
<cmath>
 +
P = \big| f(1+i) \big|^2 = \big| -65 - 64i \big|^2 = 65^2 + 64^2 = 8321 \equiv \boxed{321} \pmod{1000}.
 +
</cmath>
 +
And we are done. Alternatively, to add some geometric flavor, we can also compute <math>\big| f(1+i) \big|^2 = \big| (1+i)^{13} - 1 \big|^2</math> by law of cosines.
 +
 
 +
-- VensL.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==Video Solution==
 +
 
 +
https://youtu.be/aSD8Xz0dAI8?si=PUDeOrRg-0bVXNpp
 +
 
 +
~MathProblemSolvingSkills.com
 +
 
 +
==Video Solution==
 +
 
 +
https://youtu.be/CtIdbP4F28Q
 +
 
 +
~Steven Chen (Professor Chen Education Palace, www.professorchenedu.com)
 +
 
 +
==See also==
 +
{{AIME box|year=2024|num-b=12|num-a=14|n=II}}
 +
 
 +
[[Category:Intermediate Algebra Problems]]
 +
{{MAA Notice}}

Latest revision as of 11:55, 6 September 2024

Problem

Let $\omega\neq 1$ be a 13th root of unity. Find the remainder when \[\prod_{k=0}^{12}(2-2\omega^k+\omega^{2k})\] is divided by 1000.

Solution 1

\[\prod_{k=0}^{12} \left(2- 2\omega^k + \omega^{2k}\right) = \prod_{k=0}^{12} \left((1 - \omega^k)^2 + 1\right) = \prod_{k=0}^{12} \left((1 + i) - \omega^k)((1 - i) - \omega^k\right)\]

Now, we consider the polynomial $x^{13} - 1$ whose roots are the 13th roots of unity. Taking our rewritten product from $0$ to $12$, we see that both instances of $\omega^k$ cycle through each of the 13th roots. Then, our answer is:

\[((1 + i)^{13} - 1)(1 - i)^{13} - 1)\]

\[= (-64(1 + i) - 1)(-64(1 - i) - 1)\]

\[= (65 + 64i)(65 - 64i)\]

\[= 65^2 + 64^2\]

\[= 8\boxed{\textbf{321}}\]

~Mqnic_

Solution 2

To find $\prod_{k=0}^{12} (2 - 2w^k + w^{2k})$, where $w\neq1$ and $w^{13}=1$, rewrite this is as

$(r-w)(s-w)(r-w^2)(s-w^2)...(r-w^{12})(s-w^{12})$ where $r$ and $s$ are the roots of the quadratic $x^2-2x+2=0$.

Grouping the $r$'s and $s$'s results in $\frac{r^{13}-1}{r-1} \cdot\frac{s^{13}-1}{s-1}$

the denomiator $(r-1)(s-1)=1$ by vietas.

the numerator $(rs)^{13} - (r^{13} + s^{13}) + 1 = 2^{13} - (-128) + 1= 8321$ by newtons sums

so the answer is $\boxed{321}$

~resources

Solution 3

Denote $r_j = e^{\frac{i 2 \pi j}{13}}$ for $j \in \left\{ 0, 1, \cdots , 12 \right\}$.

Thus, for $\omega \neq 1$, $\left( \omega^0, \omega^1, \cdots, \omega^{12} \right)$ is a permutation of $\left( r_0, r_1, \cdots, r_{12} \right)$.

We have \begin{align*}\ \Pi_{k = 0}^{12} \left( 2 - 2 \omega^k + \omega^{2k} \right) & = \Pi_{k=0}^{12} \left( 1 + i - \omega^k \right) \left( 1 - i - \omega^k \right) \\ & = \Pi_{k=0}^{12} \left( \sqrt{2} e^{i \frac{\pi}{4}} - \omega^k \right) \left( \sqrt{2} e^{-i \frac{\pi}{4}} - \omega^k \right) \\ & = \Pi_{k=0}^{12} \left( \sqrt{2} e^{i \frac{\pi}{4}} - r_k \right) \left( \sqrt{2} e^{-i \frac{\pi}{4}} - r_k \right) \\ & = \left( \Pi_{k=0}^{12} \left( \sqrt{2} e^{i \frac{\pi}{4}} - r_k \right) \right) \left( \Pi_{k=0}^{12} \left( \sqrt{2} e^{-i \frac{\pi}{4}} - r_k \right) \right) . \hspace{1cm} (1) \end{align*} The third equality follows from the above permutation property.

Note that $r_0, r_1, \cdots , r_{12}$ are all zeros of the polynomial $z^{13} - 1$. Thus, \[ z^{13} - 1 = \Pi_{k=0}^{12} \left( z - r_k \right) . \]

Plugging this into Equation (1), we get \begin{align*} (1) & = \left( \left( \sqrt{2} e^{i \frac{\pi}{4}} \right)^{13} - 1 \right) \left( \left( \sqrt{2} e^{-i \frac{\pi}{4}} \right)^{13} - 1 \right) \\ & = \left( - 2^{13/2} e^{i \frac{\pi}{4}} - 1 \right) \left( - 2^{13/2} e^{-i \frac{\pi}{4}} - 1 \right) \\ & = 2^{13} + 1 + 2^{13/2} \cdot 2 \cos \frac{\pi}{4} \\ & = 2^{13} + 1 + 2^7 \\ & = 8321 . \end{align*}

Therefore, the answer is $\boxed{\textbf{(321) }}$.

~Steven Chen (Professor Chen Education Palace, www.professorchenedu.com)



Solution 4

Since $\omega \ne 1$ is a $13^\text{th}$ root of unity, and $13$ is a prime, we have \[f(z) \coloneqq z^{13} - 1 = \prod_{k = 0}^{12}(z - \omega^k)\] by the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra. Next, observe that the quadratic $2 - 2z + z^2$ factors as \[2 - 2z + z^2 = (1 - i - z)(1 + i - z).\] Take the product of the above identity over $z \in \{1, \omega, \omega^2, \dots, \omega^{12} \}$ to get the product of interest \begin{align*} P &:= \prod_{k = 0}^{12}(2 - 2\omega^k + \omega^{2k}) \\ &= \prod_{k = 0}^{12}(1 - i - \omega^k) \cdot \prod_{k = 0}^{12}(1 + i - \omega^k) \\ &= f(1-i) \cdot f(1+i) \\ &= \overline{f(1+i)} \cdot f(1+i) \\ P &= \big| f(1+i) \big|^2. \end{align*} (Here, we use the fact that $f(\overline{z}) = \overline{f(z)}$ whenever $f(z)$ is a polynomial of real coefficients.) Next, notice that \[(1+i)^{13} = (1+i)(1+i)^{12} = (1+i)\big( (1+i)^2 \big)^6 = (1+i)(2i)^6 = -64 - 64i\] which means $f(1+i) = (1+i)^{13} - 1 = -65 - 64i$. So \[P = \big| f(1+i) \big|^2 = \big| -65 - 64i \big|^2 = 65^2 + 64^2 = 8321 \equiv \boxed{321} \pmod{1000}.\] And we are done. Alternatively, to add some geometric flavor, we can also compute $\big| f(1+i) \big|^2 = \big| (1+i)^{13} - 1 \big|^2$ by law of cosines.

-- VensL.


Video Solution

https://youtu.be/aSD8Xz0dAI8?si=PUDeOrRg-0bVXNpp

~MathProblemSolvingSkills.com

Video Solution

https://youtu.be/CtIdbP4F28Q

~Steven Chen (Professor Chen Education Palace, www.professorchenedu.com)

See also

2024 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 12 		Followed by
Problem 14
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

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