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| − | '''Ptolemy's Theorem''' gives a relationship between the side lengths and the diagonals of a [[cyclic quadrilateral]]; it is the [[equality condition | equality case]] of the [[Ptolemy Inequality]]. Ptolemy's Theorem frequently shows up as an intermediate step in problems involving inscribed figures.
| + | #REDIRECT[[Ptolemy's theorem]] |
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| − | == Definition ==
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| − | Given a [[cyclic quadrilateral]] <math>ABCD</math> with side lengths <math>{a},{b},{c},{d}</math> and [[diagonal]]s <math>{e},{f}</math>:
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| − | <math>ac+bd=ef</math>.
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| − | == Proof ==
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| − | Given cyclic quadrilateral <math>ABCD,</math> extend <math>CD</math> to <math>P</math> such that <math>\angle BAD=\angle CAP.</math>
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| − | Since quadrilateral <math>ABCD</math> is cyclic, <math>m\angle ABC+m\angle ADC=180^\circ .</math> However, <math>\angle ADP</math> is also supplementary to <math>\angle ADC,</math> so <math>\angle ADP=\angle ABC</math>. Hence, <math>\triangle ABC \sim \triangle ADP</math> by AA similarity and <math>\frac{AB}{AD}=\frac{BC}{DP}\implies DP=\frac{(AD)(BC)}{(AB)}.</math>
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| − | Now, note that <math>\angle ABD=\angle ACD </math> (subtend the same arc) and <math>\angle BAC+\angle CAD=\angle DAP+\angle CAD \implies \angle BAD=\angle CAP,</math> so <math>\triangle BAD\sim \triangle CAP.</math> This yields <math>\frac{AB}{AC}=\frac{BD}{CP}\implies CP=\frac{(AC)(BD)}{(AB)}.</math>
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| − | However, <math>CP= CD+DP.</math> Substituting in our expressions for <math>CP</math> and <math>DP,</math> <math> \frac{(AC)(BD)}{(AB)}=CD+\frac{(AD)(BC)}{(AB)}.</math> Multiplying by <math>AB</math> yields <math>(AC)(BD)=(AB)(CD)+(AD)(BC)</math>.
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| − | == Problems ==
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| − | === Equilateral Triangle Identity ===
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| − | Let <math>\triangle ABC</math> be an equilateral triangle. Let <math>P</math> be a point on minor arc <math>AB</math> of its circumcircle. Prove that <math>PC=PA+PB</math>.
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| − | Solution: Draw <math>PA</math>, <math>PB</math>, <math>PC</math>. By Ptolemy's Theorem applied to quadrilateral <math>APBC</math>, we know that <math>PC\cdot AB=PA\cdot BC+PB\cdot AC</math>. Since <math>AB=BC=CA=s</math>, we divide both sides of the last equation by <math>s</math> to get the result: <math>PC=PA+PB</math>.
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| − | === Regular Heptagon Identity ===
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| − | In a regular heptagon <math> ABCDEFG </math>, prove that: <math> \frac{1}{AB}=\frac{1}{AC}+\frac{1}{AD} </math>.
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| − | Solution: Let <math> ABCDEFG </math> be the regular heptagon. Consider the quadrilateral <math> ABCE </math>. If <math> a </math>, <math> b </math>, and <math> c </math> represent the lengths of the side, the short diagonal, and the long diagonal respectively, then the lengths of the sides of <math> ABCE </math> are <math> a </math>, <math> a </math>, <math> b </math> and <math> c </math>; the diagonals of <math> ABCE </math> are <math> b </math> and <math> c </math>, respectively.
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| − | Now, Ptolemy's Theorem states that <math> ab + ac = bc </math>, which is equivalent to <math> \frac{1}{a}=\frac{1}{b}+\frac{1}{c} </math> upon multiplication by <math> abc </math>.
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| − | === 1991 AIME Problems/Problem 14 ===
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| − | A hexagon is inscribed in a circle. Five of the sides have length <math>81</math> and the sixth, denoted by <math>\overline{AB}</math>, has length <math>31</math>. Find the sum of the lengths of the three diagonals that can be drawn from <math>A</math>.
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| − | [[1991_AIME_Problems/Problem_14#Solution|Solution]] | |
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| − | === Cyclic hexagon ===
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| − | A hexagon with sides of lengths 2, 2, 7, 7, 11, and 11 is inscribed in a circle. Find the diameter of the circle.
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| − | Solution: Consider half of the circle, with the quadrilateral <math>ABCD</math>, <math>AD</math> being the diameter. <math>AB = 2</math>, <math>BC = 7</math>, and <math>CD = 11</math>. Construct diagonals <math>AC</math> and <math>BD</math>. Notice that these diagonals form right triangles. You get the following system of equations:
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| − | <math>(AC)(BD) = 7(AD) + 22</math> (Ptolemy's Theorem)
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| − | <math>\n(AC)^2 = (AD)^2 - 121</math>
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| − | <math>(BD)^2 = (AD)^2 - 4</math>
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| − | Solving gives <math>AD = 14</math>
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| − | == See also ==
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| − | * [[Geometry]]
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| − | [[Category:Geometry]]
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| − | [[Category:Theorems]]
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