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Difference between revisions of "2018 AIME I Problems/Problem 10"

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The wheel shown below consists of two circles and five spokes, with a label at each point where a spoke meets a circle. A bug walks along the wheel, starting at point <math>A</math>. At every step of the process, the bug walks from one labeled point to an adjacent labeled point. Along the inner circle the bug only walks in a counterclockwise direction, and along the outer circle the bug only walks in a clockwise direction. For example, the bug could travel along the path <math>AJABCHCHIJA</math>, which has <math>10</math> steps. Let <math>n</math> be the number of paths with <math>15</math> steps that begin and end at point <math>A</math>. Find the remainder when <math>n</math> is divided by <math>1000</math>
 
The wheel shown below consists of two circles and five spokes, with a label at each point where a spoke meets a circle. A bug walks along the wheel, starting at point <math>A</math>. At every step of the process, the bug walks from one labeled point to an adjacent labeled point. Along the inner circle the bug only walks in a counterclockwise direction, and along the outer circle the bug only walks in a clockwise direction. For example, the bug could travel along the path <math>AJABCHCHIJA</math>, which has <math>10</math> steps. Let <math>n</math> be the number of paths with <math>15</math> steps that begin and end at point <math>A</math>. Find the remainder when <math>n</math> is divided by <math>1000</math>
−
[asy]
+
<center><asy>
 
unitsize(32);
 
unitsize(32);
 
draw(unitcircle);
 
draw(unitcircle);
Line 22: Line 22:
 
defaultpen(fontsize(10pt));
 
defaultpen(fontsize(10pt));
 
real r = 0.05;
 
real r = 0.05;
−
label("<math>A</math>", (1-r) * dir( 90), -dir( 90));
+
label("$A$", (1-r) * dir( 90), -dir( 90));
−
label("<math>B</math>", (1-r) * dir(162), -dir(162));
+
label("$B$", (1-r) * dir(162), -dir(162));
−
label("<math>C</math>", (1-r) * dir(234), -dir(234));
+
label("$C$", (1-r) * dir(234), -dir(234));
−
label("<math>D</math>", (1-r) * dir(306), -dir(306));
+
label("$D$", (1-r) * dir(306), -dir(306));
−
label("<math>E</math>", (1-r) * dir(378), -dir(378));
+
label("$E$", (1-r) * dir(378), -dir(378));
−
label("<math>F</math>", (2+r) * dir(378), dir(378));
+
label("$F$", (2+r) * dir(378), dir(378));
−
label("<math>G</math>", (2+r) * dir(306), dir(306));
+
label("$G$", (2+r) * dir(306), dir(306));
−
label("<math>H</math>", (2+r) * dir(234), dir(234));
+
label("$H$", (2+r) * dir(234), dir(234));
−
label("<math>I</math>", (2+r) * dir(162), dir(162));
+
label("$I$", (2+r) * dir(162), dir(162));
−
label("<math>J</math>", (2+r) * dir( 90), dir( 90));
+
label("$J$", (2+r) * dir( 90), dir( 90));
−
[/asy]
+
</asy></center>
 
==Solution==
 
==Solution==
 
We divide this up into casework.  The "directions" the bug can go are <math>\text{Clockwise}</math>, <math>\text{Counter-Clockwise}</math>, and <math>\text{Switching}</math>.  Let an <math>I</math> signal going clockwise (because it has to be in the ''inner'' circle), an <math>O</math> signal going counter-clockwise, and an <math>S</math> switching between inner and outer circles.  An example string of length fifteen that gets the bug back to <math>A</math> would be <math>ISSIIISOOSISSII</math>.
 
We divide this up into casework.  The "directions" the bug can go are <math>\text{Clockwise}</math>, <math>\text{Counter-Clockwise}</math>, and <math>\text{Switching}</math>.  Let an <math>I</math> signal going clockwise (because it has to be in the ''inner'' circle), an <math>O</math> signal going counter-clockwise, and an <math>S</math> switching between inner and outer circles.  An example string of length fifteen that gets the bug back to <math>A</math> would be <math>ISSIIISOOSISSII</math>.

Revision as of 16:43, 15 March 2018

The wheel shown below consists of two circles and five spokes, with a label at each point where a spoke meets a circle. A bug walks along the wheel, starting at point $A$. At every step of the process, the bug walks from one labeled point to an adjacent labeled point. Along the inner circle the bug only walks in a counterclockwise direction, and along the outer circle the bug only walks in a clockwise direction. For example, the bug could travel along the path $AJABCHCHIJA$, which has $10$ steps. Let $n$ be the number of paths with $15$ steps that begin and end at point $A$. Find the remainder when $n$ is divided by $1000$

[asy] unitsize(32); draw(unitcircle); draw(scale(2) * unitcircle); for(int d = 90; d < 360 + 90; d += 72){ draw(2 * dir(d) -- dir(d)); } real s = 4; dot(1 * dir( 90), linewidth(s)); dot(1 * dir(162), linewidth(s)); dot(1 * dir(234), linewidth(s)); dot(1 * dir(306), linewidth(s)); dot(1 * dir(378), linewidth(s)); dot(2 * dir(378), linewidth(s)); dot(2 * dir(306), linewidth(s)); dot(2 * dir(234), linewidth(s)); dot(2 * dir(162), linewidth(s)); dot(2 * dir( 90), linewidth(s)); defaultpen(fontsize(10pt)); real r = 0.05; label("$A$", (1-r) * dir( 90), -dir( 90)); label("$B$", (1-r) * dir(162), -dir(162)); label("$C$", (1-r) * dir(234), -dir(234)); label("$D$", (1-r) * dir(306), -dir(306)); label("$E$", (1-r) * dir(378), -dir(378)); label("$F$", (2+r) * dir(378), dir(378)); label("$G$", (2+r) * dir(306), dir(306)); label("$H$", (2+r) * dir(234), dir(234)); label("$I$", (2+r) * dir(162), dir(162)); label("$J$", (2+r) * dir( 90), dir( 90)); [/asy]

Solution

We divide this up into casework. The "directions" the bug can go are $\text{Clockwise}$, $\text{Counter-Clockwise}$, and $\text{Switching}$. Let an $I$ signal going clockwise (because it has to be in the inner circle), an $O$ signal going counter-clockwise, and an $S$ switching between inner and outer circles. An example string of length fifteen that gets the bug back to $A$ would be $ISSIIISOOSISSII$. For the bug to end up back at $A$, the difference between the number of $I$'s and $O$'s must be a multiple of $5$.

Case 1 -- There are 15 more $I$'s than $O$'s.
There is clearly $1$ way for this to happen.
Case 2 -- There are $5$ more $I$'s than $O$'s.
We split this case up into several sub-cases based on the number of $S$'s.
Sub-case 1 -- There are $10$ $S$'s and $5$ $I$'s.
Notice that the number of ways to order the $I$'s and $O$'s are independent assortments because the $I$'s must be in the "even" spaces between $S$'s (i.e. before the 1st $S$, between the 2nd and 3rd $S$'s, etc.), while the $O$'s must be in the "odd" spaces.
There are $6$ places to put the $I$'s (after the 0th, 2nd, 4th, 6th, 8th, and 10th $S$'s), and $4$ places to put the (0) $O$'s. We use stars and bars to get an answer of $\binom{10}{5}\binom{4}{0}$
Sub-case 2 -- There are $8$ $S$'s, $6$ $I$'s, and $1$ $O$.
Similarly and by using stars and bars, we get an amount of $\binom{10}{4}\binom{4}{1}$
All the other sub-cases are similar, with a total of $\binom{10}{5}\binom{4}{0}+\binom{10}{4}\binom{4}{1}+\cdots+\binom{10}{1}\binom{4}{4}=\binom{14}{5}=2002$ by Vandermonde's Identity.
Case 3 -- There are $5$ more $O$'s than $I$'s.
This case is similar to the other case.
Here is an example of a sub-case for this case.
Sub-case
There are $10$ $S$'s and $5$ $O$'s.
There are $\binom{9}{4}\binom{5}{0}$ ways to do this.
We can see now that the pattern is going to be $\binom{9}{4}\binom{5}{0}+\binom{9}{3}\binom{5}{1}+\cdots+\binom{9}{0}\binom{5}{4}=\binom{14}{4}=1001$.


So, the total number of ways is $1+2002+1001=3\boxed{004}$

Solution 2 (Official MAA)

Note that the set of sequences of moves the bug makes is in bijective correspondence with the set of strings of $X$s and $Y$s of length $15$, where $X$ denotes a move which is either counterclockwise or inward along a spoke and $Y$ denotes a move which is either clockwise or outward along a spoke. (The proof of this basically boils down to the fact that which one depends on whether the bug is on the inner wheel or the outer wheel.) Now the condition that the bug ends at A implies that the difference between the number of $X$s and the number of $Y$s is a multiple of $5$, and so we must have either $4$, $9$, or $14$ $X$s within the first fourteen moves with the last move being an $X$. This implies the answer is \[\binom{14}4+\binom{14}9+\binom{14}{14} = 3004\equiv \boxed{004}\pmod{1000}.\]

See Also

2018 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 9 		Followed by
Problem 11
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

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