Art of Problem Solving
AoPS Online
Math texts, online classes, and more
for students in grades 5-12.
Visit AoPS Online ‚
Books for Grades 5-12 Online Courses
Beast Academy
Engaging math books and online learning
for students ages 6-13.
Visit Beast Academy ‚
Books for Ages 6-13 Beast Academy Online
AoPS Academy
Small live classes for advanced math
and language arts learners in grades 2-12.
Visit AoPS Academy ‚
Find a Physical Campus Visit the Virtual Campus

Difference between revisions of "2022 AMC 12A Problems/Problem 23"
Line 13: Line 13:
 
It is clear that <math>L_n\equiv0\pmod{p},</math> so we test whether <math>\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{L_n}{i}\equiv0\pmod{p}.</math> Note that <cmath>\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{L_n}{i} \equiv \sum_{i=1}^{\left\lfloor\tfrac np\right\rfloor}\frac{L_n}{ip^e} \ (\operatorname{mod} \ p^e) \equiv \sum_{i=1}^{\left\lfloor\tfrac np\right\rfloor}\frac{L_n}{ip^e} \ (\operatorname{mod} \ p).</cmath>
 
It is clear that <math>L_n\equiv0\pmod{p},</math> so we test whether <math>\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{L_n}{i}\equiv0\pmod{p}.</math> Note that <cmath>\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{L_n}{i} \equiv \sum_{i=1}^{\left\lfloor\tfrac np\right\rfloor}\frac{L_n}{ip^e} \ (\operatorname{mod} \ p^e) \equiv \sum_{i=1}^{\left\lfloor\tfrac np\right\rfloor}\frac{L_n}{ip^e} \ (\operatorname{mod} \ p).</cmath>
 
We construct the following table:
 
We construct the following table:
−
<cmath>\begin{array}{c|c|c|c|c}  
+
<cmath>\begin{array}{c|l|c|c}  
−
& & & & \\ [-2.25ex]
+
\textbf{Case} & \hspace{22.75mm}\textbf{Sum} & \textbf{Interval of }n & \boldsymbol{\stackrel{?}{\equiv}0\ (\operatorname{mod} \ p)} \\ [0.5ex]
−
\boldsymbol{i} & \boldsymbol{p_i} & \boldsymbol{e_i} & \boldsymbol{\dfrac{(e_i+1)^3}{p_i^{e_i}}} & \textbf{Max?} \\ [2.5ex]
 
 
\hline\hline  
 
\hline\hline  
−
& & & & \\ [-2ex]
+
& & & \\ [-2ex]
−
1 & 2 & 0 & 1 & \\     
+
v_2(L_n)=1 & L_n/2 & [2,3] & \\     
−
& & 1 & 4 & \\     
+
v_2(L_n)=2 & L_n/4 & [4,7] & \\     
−
& & 2 & 27/4 &\\   
+
v_2(L_n)=3 & L_n/8 & [8,15] & \\     
−
& & 3 & 8 & \checkmark\\     
+
v_2(L_n)=4 & L_n/16 & [16,22] &  \\ [0.5ex]
−
& & 4 & 125/16 & \\ [0.5ex]
 
 
\hline   
 
\hline   
−
& & & & \\ [-2ex]
+
& & & \\ [-2ex]
−
2 & 3 & 0 & 1 &\\     
+
v_3(L_n)=1 & L_n/3 & [3,5] & \\     
−
& & 1 & 8/3 & \\  
+
& L_n/3 + L_n/6 & [6,8] & \\  
−
& & 2 & 3 &  \checkmark\\  
+
v_3(L_n)=2 & L_n/9 & [9,17] &  \\  
−
& & 3 & 64/27 & \\ [0.5ex]
+
& L_n/9 + L_n/18 & [18,22] & \\ [0.5ex]
 
\hline   
 
\hline   
−
& & & & \\ [-2ex]
+
& & & \\ [-2ex]
−
3 & 5 & 0 & 1 &  \\     
+
v_5(L_n)=1 & L_n/5 & [5,9] &  \\     
−
& & 1 & 8/5 & \checkmark\\   
+
& L_n/5 + L_n/10 & [10,14] & \\
−
& & 2 & 27/25 & \\ [0.5ex]
+
& L_n/5 + L_n/10 + L_n/15 & [15,19] & \\
 +
& L_n/5 + L_n/10 + L_n/15 + L_n/20 & [20,22] & \\ [0.5ex]
 
\hline   
 
\hline   
−
& & & & \\ [-2ex]
+
& & & \\ [-2ex]
−
4 & 7 & 0 & 1 &  \\     
+
v_7(L_n)=1 & L_n/7 & 1 &  \\     
−
& & 1 & 8/7 & \checkmark\\   
+
& L_n/7 + L_n/14 & & \checkmark \\ [0.5ex]
−
& & 2 & 27/49 & \\ [0.5ex]
 
 
\hline   
 
\hline   
−
& & & & \\ [-2ex]
+
& & & \\ [-2ex]
−
\geq5 & \geq11 & 0 & 1 & \checkmark \\  
+
v_{11}(L_n)=1 & L_n/11 & 1 &  \\ [0.5ex]
−
& & \geq1 & \leq8/11 &   \\ [0.5ex]
+
\hline
 +
& & & \\ [-2ex]
 +
v_{13}(L_n)=1 & L_n/13 & 1 &  \\ [0.5ex]
 +
\hline
 +
& & & \\ [-2ex]
 +
v_{17}(L_n)=1 & L_n/17 & 1 & \\ [0.5ex]
 +
\hline
 +
& & & \\ [-2ex]
 +
v_{19}(L_n)=1 & L_n/19 & 1 & \\ [0.5ex]
 
\end{array}</cmath>
 
\end{array}</cmath>
  

Revision as of 00:05, 4 January 2023

Problem

Let $h_n$ and $k_n$ be the unique relatively prime positive integers such that \[\frac{1}{1}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n}=\frac{h_n}{k_n}.\] Let $L_n$ denote the least common multiple of the numbers $1, 2, 3, \ldots, n$. For how many integers with $1\le{n}\le{22}$ is $k_n<L_n$?

$\textbf{(A) }0 \qquad\textbf{(B) }3 \qquad\textbf{(C) }7 \qquad\textbf{(D) }8\qquad\textbf{(E) }10$

Solution 1

We are given that \[\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac1i = \frac{1}{L_n}\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{L_n}{i} = \frac{h_n}{k_n}.\] Since $k_n < L_n,$ we need $\gcd\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{L_n}{i}, L_n\right)>1.$

For all primes $p$ such that $p\leq n,$ let $v_p(L_n)=e\geq1$ be the largest power of $p$ that is a factor of $L_n.$

It is clear that $L_n\equiv0\pmod{p},$ so we test whether $\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{L_n}{i}\equiv0\pmod{p}.$ Note that \[\sum_{i=1}^{n}\frac{L_n}{i} \equiv \sum_{i=1}^{\left\lfloor\tfrac np\right\rfloor}\frac{L_n}{ip^e} \ (\operatorname{mod} \ p^e) \equiv \sum_{i=1}^{\left\lfloor\tfrac np\right\rfloor}\frac{L_n}{ip^e} \ (\operatorname{mod} \ p).\] We construct the following table: \[\begin{array}{c|l|c|c} \textbf{Case} & \hspace{22.75mm}\textbf{Sum} & \textbf{Interval of }n & \boldsymbol{\stackrel{?}{\equiv}0\ (\operatorname{mod} \ p)} \\ [0.5ex] \hline\hline & & & \\ [-2ex] v_2(L_n)=1 & L_n/2 & [2,3] & \\ v_2(L_n)=2 & L_n/4 & [4,7] & \\ v_2(L_n)=3 & L_n/8 & [8,15] & \\ v_2(L_n)=4 & L_n/16 & [16,22] & \\ [0.5ex] \hline & & & \\ [-2ex] v_3(L_n)=1 & L_n/3 & [3,5] & \\ & L_n/3 + L_n/6 & [6,8] & \\ v_3(L_n)=2 & L_n/9 & [9,17] & \\ & L_n/9 + L_n/18 & [18,22] & \\ [0.5ex] \hline & & & \\ [-2ex] v_5(L_n)=1 & L_n/5 & [5,9] & \\ & L_n/5 + L_n/10 & [10,14] & \\ & L_n/5 + L_n/10 + L_n/15 & [15,19] & \\ & L_n/5 + L_n/10 + L_n/15 + L_n/20 & [20,22] & \\ [0.5ex] \hline & & & \\ [-2ex] v_7(L_n)=1 & L_n/7 & 1 & \\ & L_n/7 + L_n/14 & & \checkmark \\ [0.5ex] \hline & & & \\ [-2ex] v_{11}(L_n)=1 & L_n/11 & 1 & \\ [0.5ex] \hline & & & \\ [-2ex] v_{13}(L_n)=1 & L_n/13 & 1 & \\ [0.5ex] \hline & & & \\ [-2ex] v_{17}(L_n)=1 & L_n/17 & 1 & \\ [0.5ex] \hline & & & \\ [-2ex] v_{19}(L_n)=1 & L_n/19 & 1 & \\ [0.5ex] \end{array}\]

Solution 2

We will use the following lemma to solve this problem.

Denote by $p_1^{\alpha_1} p_2^{\alpha_2} \cdots p_m^{\alpha_m}$ the prime factorization of $L_n$. For any $i \in \left\{ 1, 2, \ldots, m \right\}$, denote $\sum_{j = 1}^{\left\lfloor \frac{n}{p_i^{\alpha_i}} \right\rfloor} \frac{1}{j} = \frac{a_i}{b_i}$, where $a_i$ and $b_i$ are relatively prime. Then $k_n = L_n$ if and only if for any $i \in \left\{ 1, 2, \ldots, m \right\}$, $a_i$ is not a multiple of $p_i$.

Now, we use the result above to solve this problem.

Following from this lemma, the list of $n$ with $1 \leq n \leq 22$ and $k_n < L_n$ is \[6, 7, 8, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 .\]

Therefore, the answer is $\boxed{\textbf{(D) }8}$.

Note: Detailed analysis of this problem (particularly the motivation and the proof of the lemma above) can be found in my video solution below.

~Steven Chen (Professor Chen Education Palace, www.professorchenedu.com)

Video Solution

https://youtu.be/4RHmsoDsU9E

~Steven Chen (Professor Chen Education Palace, www.professorchenedu.com)

Video Solution

https://youtu.be/pZAez5A8tWA

~MathProblemSolvingSkills.com

See Also

2022 AMC 12A (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 22 		Followed by
Problem 24
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions

The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions. AMC logo.png

Retrieved from "https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php?title=2022_AMC_12A_Problems/Problem_23&oldid=185704"