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2019 USAJMO Problems/Problem 4

Revision as of 13:45, 4 May 2019 by Relay400 (talk | contribs) (→‎Solution)

Problem

$(*)$ Let $ABC$ be a triangle with $\angle ABC$ obtuse. The $A$-excircle is a circle in the exterior of $\triangle ABC$ that is tangent to side $\overline{BC}$ of the triangle and tangent to the extensions of the other two sides. Let $E$, $F$ be the feet of the altitudes from $B$ and $C$ to lines $AC$ and $AB$, respectively. Can line $EF$ be tangent to the $A$-excircle?

Solution

Instead of trying to find a synthetic way to describe $EF$ being tangent to the $A$-excircle (very hard), we instead consider the foot of the perpendicular from the $A$-excircle to $EF$, hoping to force something via the length of the perpendicular. It would be nice if there were an easier way to describe $EF$, something more closely related to the $A$-excircle; as we are considering perpendicularity, if we could generate a line parallel to $EF$, that would be good.

So we recall that it is well known that triangle $AEF$ is similar to $ABC$. This motivates reflecting $BC$ over the angle bisector at $A$ to obtain $B'C'$, which is parallel to $EF$ for obvious reasons.

Furthermore, as reflection preserves intersection, $B'C'$ is tangent to the reflection of the $A$-excircle over the $A$-angle bisector. But it is well-known that the $A$-excenter lies on the $A$-angle bisector, so the $A$-excircle must be preserved under reflection over the $A$-excircle. Thus $B'C'$ is tangent to the $A$-excircle.Yet for all lines parallel to $EF$, there are only two lines tangent to the $A$-excircle, and only one possibility for $EF$, so $EF = B'C'$.

Thus as $ABB'$ is isoceles, \[[ABC] = \frac{1}{2} \cdot AC \cdot BE = \frac{AC}{2} \cdot \sqrt{AB^2 - AE^2} = \frac{AC}{2} \cdot \sqrt{AB^2 - AB'^2} = \frac{AC}{2} \cdot \sqrt{AB^2 - AB^2} = 0,\] contradiction. -alifenix-

Solution 2

The answer is no.

Suppose otherwise. Consider the reflection over the bisector of $\angle BAC$. This swaps rays $AB$ and $AC$; suppose $E$ and $F$ are sent to $E'$ and $F'$. Note that the $A$-excircle is fixed, so line $E'F'$ must also be tangent to the $A$-excircle.

Since $BEFC$ is cyclic, we obtain $\measuredangle ECB = \measuredangle EFB = \measuredangle EF'E'$, so $\overline{E'F'} \parallel \overline{BC}$. However, as $\overline{EF}$ is a chord in the circle with diameter $\overline{BC}$, $EF \le BC$.

If $EF < BC$ then $E'F' < BC$ too, so then $\overline{E'F'}$ lies inside $\triangle ABC$ and cannot be tangent to the excircle.

The remaining case is when $EF = BC$. In this case, $\overline{EF}$ is also a diameter, so $BECF$ is a rectangle. In particular $\overline{BE} \parallel \overline{CF}$. However, by the existence of the orthocenter, the lines $BE$ and $CF$ must intersect, contradiction.

See also

2019 USAJMO (Problems • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 3 		Followed by
Problem 5
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6
All USAJMO Problems and Solutions
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