Roots of unity
Contents
Roots of unity
Roots of unity come up when we examine the complex roots of the polynomial .
Solving the equation
First, we note that since we have an nth degree polynomial, there will be n complex roots.
Now, we can convert everything to polar by letting and noting that
for
to get
. The magnitude of the RHS is 1 making
(magnitude is always expressed as a positive real number). This leaves us with
.
Taking the natural logarithm of both sides gives us . Solving this gives
. Additionally, we note that for each of
we get a distinct value for
but once we get to
we start getting coterminal angles.
Thus, the solutions to are given by
for
. We could also express this in trig form as
Geometry of the roots of unity
All of the roots of unity lie on the unit circle in the complex plane. This can be seen by considering the magnitudes of both sides of the equation . If we let
we see that
since the magnitude of the RHS of
is 1 and for two complex numbers to be equal, both their magnitudes and arguments must be equivalent.
Additionally, we can see that when the nth roots of unity are connected in order (more technically, we would call this their convex hull) they form a regular n-sided polygon. This becomes even more evident when we look at the arguments of the roots of unity.
Properties of roots of unity
Listed below is a quick summary of important properties of roots of unity.
- They occupy the vertices of a regular n-gon.
- For
the sum of the nth roots of unity is 0. More generally, if
is a primitive nth root of unity (i.e.
for
), then
- This is an immediate result of Vieta's formulas on the polynomial
and Newton sums.
- This is an immediate result of Vieta's formulas on the polynomial
- If
is one of the roots of unity (but not 1), then the roots of unity can be expressed as
.
- Also, don't overlook the most obvious property of all! For each root of unity,
, we have that
Uses of roots of unity
Roots of unity show up in many, suprising places. Here, we list a few:
- Geometry
- Factoring
- Number theory