2019 AMC 12A Problems/Problem 12

Revision as of 19:16, 10 February 2019 by Sevenoptimus (talk | contribs) (Fixed formatting and added a simpler solution)

Problem

Positive real numbers $x \neq 1$ and $y \neq 1$ satisfy $\log_2{x} = \log_y{16}$ and $xy = 64$. What is $(\log_2{\tfrac{x}{y}})^2$?

$\textbf{(A) } \frac{25}{2} \qquad\textbf{(B) } 20 \qquad\textbf{(C) } \frac{45}{2} \qquad\textbf{(D) } 25 \qquad\textbf{(E) } 32$

Solution

Let $\log_2{x} = \log_y{16}=k$, then $2^k=x$ and $y^k=16 \implies y=2^{\frac{4}{k}}$. Then we have $(2^k)(2^{\frac{4}{k}})=2^{k+\frac{4}{k}}=2^6$.


We equate $k+\frac{4}{k}=6$, and get $k^2-6k+4=0$. The solutions to this are $3 \pm \sqrt{5}$.


To solve the given, $(\log_2\tfrac{x}{y})^2=(\log_2 x - \log_2 y)^2=(k-\tfrac{4}{k})^2=(3 \pm \sqrt{5} - \tfrac{4}{3 \pm \sqrt{5}})^2 = (3 \pm \sqrt{5} - 3 \mp \sqrt{5})^2= (\pm 2\sqrt{5})^2 = \boxed{20}$

-WannabeCharmander

Slightly simpler solution

After obtaining $k + \frac{4}{k} = 6$, notice that the required answer is $(k - \frac{4}{k})^{2} = k^2 - 8 + \frac{16}{k^2} = \left(k^2 + 8 + \frac{16}{k^2}\right) - 16 = \left(k+\frac{4}{k}\right)^2 - 16 = 6^2 - 16 = 20$ as before.

Solution 2

Thus $\log_2(x) = \frac{1}{\log_{16}(y)}.$ or $\log_2(x) = \frac{4}{{\log_{2}(y)}}$

We know that $xy=64$.

Thus $x= \frac{64}{y}.$

Thus $\log_2(\frac{64}{y}) = \frac{4}{{\log_{2}(y)}}$

Thus $6-\log_2(y) = \frac{4}{{\log_{2}(y)}}$

Thus $6(\log_2(y))-(\log_2(y))^2=4$

Solving for $\log_2(y)$, we obtain $\log_2(y)=3+\sqrt{5}$.

Easy resubstitution makes $\log_2(x)=\frac{4}{3+\sqrt{5}}$

Solving for $\log_2(x)$ we obtain $\log_2(x)= 3-\sqrt{5}$.

Looking back at the original problem, we have What is $(\log_2{\tfrac{x}{y}})^2$?

Deconstructing this expression using log rules, we get $(\log_2{x}-\log_2{y})^2$.

Plugging in our known values, we get $((3-\sqrt{5})-(3+\sqrt{5}))^2$ or $(-2\sqrt{5})^2$.

Our answer is 20 $\boxed{B}$.

Solution 3

Multiplying the first equation by $\log_2 y$ we obtain $\log_2 x\cdot\log_2 y=4$.

From the second equation we have $\log_2 x+\log_2 y = \log_2 (xy) = 6$.

Then, $(\log_2 \frac{x}{y})^{2} = (\log_2 x-\log_2 y)^{2} = (\log_2 x+\log_2 y)^{2} - 4\log_2 x\cdot\log_2 y = (6)^{2} - 4(4) = 20 \Rightarrow \boxed{B}$.

See Also

2019 AMC 12A (ProblemsAnswer KeyResources)
Preceded by
Problem 11
Followed by
Problem 13
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All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions

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