2021 AIME I Problems/Problem 14

Problem

For any positive integer $a, \sigma(a)$ denotes the sum of the positive integer divisors of $a$ . Let $n$ be the least positive integer such that $\sigma(a^n)-1$ is divisible by $2021$ for all positive integers $a$ . What is the sum of the prime factors in the prime factorization of $n$ ?

Solution

We first claim that $n$ must be divisible by 42. Since $\sigma(a^n)-1$ is divisible by 2021 for all positive integers $a$ , we can first consider the special case where $a \neq 0,1 \pmod{43}$ .

Then $\sigma(a^n)-1 = \sum_{i=1}^n a^i = a\left(\frac{a^n - 1}{a-1}\right)$ . In order for this expression to be divisible by $2021=43\times 47$ , a necessary condition is $a^n - 1 \equiv 0 \pmod{43}$ . By Fermat's Little Theorem, $a^{42} \equiv 1 \pmod{43}$ . Moreover, if $a$ is a primitive root modulo 43, then $\text{ord}_{43}(a) = 42$ , so $n$ must be divisible by 42.

By similar reasoning, $n$ must be divisible by 46, by considering $a \neq 0,1 \pmod{47}$ .

We next claim that $n$ must be divisible by 43 and 47. Consider the case $a=2022$ . Then $\sigma(a^n) \equiv n \pmod{2021}$ , so $\sigma(2022^n)-1$ is divisible by 2021 if and only if $n$ is divisible by 2021.

Lastly, we claim that if $n = \text{lcm}(42, 46, 43, 47)$ , then $\sigma(a^n) - 1$ is divisible by 2021 for all positive integers $a$ . The claim is trivially true for $a=1$ so suppose $a>1$ . Let $a = p_1^{e_1}\ldots p_k^{e_k}$ be the prime factorization of $a$ . Since $\sigma$ is multiplicative, we have $\sigma(a^n) - 1 = \prod_{i=1}^k \sigma(p_i^{e_in}) - 1.$ We can show that $\sigma(p_i^{e_in}) \equiv 1 \pmod{2021}$ for all primes $p_i$ and integers $e_i \ge 1$ , where $\sigma(p_i^{e_in}) = 1 + (p_i + p_i^2 + \ldots + p_i^n) + (p_i^{n+1} + \ldots + p_i^{2n}) + \ldots + (p_i^{n(e_i-1)+1} + \ldots + p_i^{e_in})$ where each expression in parentheses contains $n$ terms. It is easy to verify that if $p_i = 43$ or $p_i = 47$ then $\sigma(p_i^{e_in}) \equiv 1 \pmod{2021}$ for this choice of $n$ , so suppose $p_i \not\equiv 0 \pmod{43}$ and $p_i \not\equiv 0 \pmod{47}$ . Each expression in parentheses equals $\frac{p_i^n - 1}{p_i - 1}$ multiplied by some power of $p_i$ . If $p_i \neq 1 \pmod{43}$ , then FLT implies $p_i^n - 1 \equiv 0 \pmod{43}$ , and if $p_i \equiv 1 \pmod{43}$ , then $p_i + p_i^2 + \ldots + p_i^n \equiv 1 + 1 + \ldots + 1 \equiv 0 \pmod{43}$ (since $n$ is also a multiple of 43, by definition). Similarly, we can show $\sigma(p_i^{e_in}) \equiv 1 \pmod{47}$ , and a simple CRT argument shows $\sigma(p_i^{e_in}) \equiv 1 \pmod{2021}$ . Then $\sigma(a^n) \equiv 1^k \equiv 1 \pmod{2021}$ .

Then the prime factors of $n$ are $2$ , $3$ , $7$ , $23$ , $43$ , and $47$ , and the answer is $2+3+7+23+43+47 = \boxed{125}$ .

2021 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 13	Followed by Problem 15
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2021 AIME I Problems/Problem 14

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