2015 USAJMO Problems/Problem 1

Problem

Given a sequence of real numbers, a move consists of choosing two terms and replacing each with their arithmetic mean. Show that there exists a sequence of $2015$ distinct real numbers such that after one initial move is applied to the sequence -- no matter what move -- there is always a way to continue with a finite sequence of moves so as to obtain in the end a constant sequence.

Solution

Let the set be ${-1007, -1006, ...0,1,2...1006, 1007}$ , namely all the consecutive integers from $-1007$ to $1007$ . Notice that the operation we are applying in this problem does not change the sum or the mean of the set, which is $0$ .

There are $1007$ pairs of opposite integers $\{a,-a\}$ . After the first two elements are chosen, there are at least $1005$ such pairs. For each such pair we perform the operation of average, hence reducing these $2010$ elements to $0$ . Then use the other $5$ elements together with three $0$ 's produced to form the group of eight: ${a_1,a_2,a_3,a_4,a_5,a_6=0,a_7=0,a_8=0}$ , and perform the operation in the following order: $(a_1,a_2)\to(m_1,m_1), (a_3,a_4)\to(m_2,m_2), (a_5,a_6)\to(m_3,m_3), (a_7,a_8)\to(m_4,m_4),$ where $m_i=\frac{a_i+a_{i+1}}{2}$ . Then, $(m_1,m_2)\to(m_{11}, m_{11})$ for two groups, $(m_3,m_4)\to(m_{12}, m_{12})$ for the other two groups, and finally $(m_{11},m_{12})\to(m_{111}, m_{111})$ for all the eight elements. Since the sum of the eight-group is $0$ , $m_{111}$ must also be $0$ . Therefore, all the elements are reduced to $0$ .

The key to the algorithm is to form a $2^k$ subset, which is guaranteed to be reducible to all the members of the same value, namely the mean. Then before that, if we could always choose $M\ge N-2^k$ members to form pairs, each yielding the average of the total group, then all the members are reduced to the average. Under the condition that two arbitrary elements are chosen first, we need only $N\ge4$ to guarantee this result. But for $N=2$ the first operation leads to equal elements, so $N=3$ is the only case when all the members may not be reduced to average.

Sidenote: Actually, for $N=3$ , the members are all reduced to the average, as the sum of the terms is constant and does not change.

Solution 2

Consider any arithmetic sequence. WLOG, let it be $s = (1, 2, 3, \dots, 2015)$ , i.e. $s_i = i\ \forall\ 1\le i\le 2015$ . Define the move $(x, y)$ as replacing the numbers located at positions $x$ and $y$ with their mean, assuming $x$ and $y$ are distinct. If they are the same integer, define it as not making a move. Now, suppose the initial move $m_0 = (a, b)$ . If $a+b=2016$ , then $s_a = s_b = \frac{a+b}{2} = 1008$ . Then, applying the moves $m_1 = (1, 2015), m_2 = (2, 2014), \dots, m_{1007} = (1007, 1009),$ we get $s_1 = s_2 = \cdots = s_{2015} = 1008$ . Otherwise, suppose $a+b\ne 2016$ . Then consider the following $3$ moves: $m_{-1} = (2016-a, 2016-b), m_{-2} = (a, 2016-a), m_{-3} = (b, 2016-b)$ We have $m_{-1}$ makes $s_{2016-a} = s_{2016-b} = 2016 - \frac{a+b}{2}$ . So, $m_{-2}$ makes $s_a = s_{2016-a} = \frac{2016 - \frac{a+b}{2} + \frac{a+b}{2}}{2} = 1008$ Similarly for $m_{-3}$ with $s_b$ and $s_{2016-b}$ . Then, finishing up with the moves $m_1 = (1, 2015), m_2 = (2, 2014), \dots, m_{1007} = (1007, 1009),$ we get $s_1 = s_2 = \cdots = s_{2015} = 1008$ .

(95% Sure) Doesn't this solution fail for Case $2$ when $a$ or $b$ is $1008$ ? (Because $2016-1008 = 1008$ so $m_{-1}$ is basically non-existent.)

Solution 3 (INCORRECT)

Let the set be ${a_1,a_2,\dots ,a_{2015}}$ , where all the terms are nonnegative. Note that the sum of all the terms in this sequence will always be the same after any amount of moves. To prove this, let $i,j$ be integers with $1\le i<j\le 2015$ , and we have $a_i+a_j = \frac{a_i+a_j}{2}+\frac{a_i+a_j}{2}$ .

Also, $a_ia_j \le (\frac{a_i+a_j}{2})(\frac{a_i+a_j}{2})$ by AM-GM, so the product of all the terms will not decrease after any number of moves. However, the product will only stay the same when $a_i=a_j$ , so the product will always increase if $a_i\ne a_j$ .

Finally, note that $a_1a_2\dots a_{2015}\le (\frac{a_1+a_2+\dots +a_{2015}}{2015})^{2015}$ by AM-GM, so because $a_1+a_2+\dots +a_{2015}$ is fixed, there is a maximum product that is reached after a finite number of moves as the product increases. This product is reached when $a_1=a_2=\dots =a_{2015}$ , so we are done.

This solution is incorrect; the product may take an infinite number of moves to reach the maximum (for example, consider the sequence $1, 3, 4, 5... 2016$ )

The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.

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2015 USAJMO Problems/Problem 1

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Problem

Solution

Solution 2

Solution 3 (INCORRECT)

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