2022 AMC 12A Problems/Problem 16

Problem

A $\emph{triangular number}$ is a positive integer that can be expressed in the form $t_n = 1+2+3+\cdots+n$ , for some positive integer $n$ . The three smallest triangular numbers that are also perfect squares are $t_1 = 1 = 1^2$ , $t_8 = 36 = 6^2$ , and $t_{49} = 1225 = 35^2$ . What is the sum of the digits of the fourth smallest triangular number that is also a perfect square?

$\textbf{(A) } 6 \qquad \textbf{(B) } 9 \qquad \textbf{(C) } 12 \qquad \textbf{(D) } 18 \qquad \textbf{(E) } 27$

Solution 1(Pell Equation)

We have $t_n = \frac{n (n+1)}{2}$ . If $t_n$ is a perfect square, then it can be written as $\frac{n (n+1)}{2} = k^2$ , where $k$ is a positive integer.

Thus, $n (n+1) = 2 k^2$ . Rearranging, we get $(2n+1)^2-2(2k)^2=1$ , a Pell equation. So $\frac{2n+1}{2k}$ must be a truncation of the continued fraction for $\sqrt{2}$ :

$\begin{eqnarray*} 1+\frac12&=&\frac{2\cdot1+1}{2\cdot1}\\ 1+\frac1{2+\frac1{2+\frac12}}&=&\frac{2\cdot8+1}{2\cdot6}\\ 1+\frac1{2+\frac1{2+\frac1{2+\frac1{2+\frac12}}}}&=&\frac{2\cdot49+1}{2\cdot35}\\ 1+\frac1{2+\frac1{2+\frac1{2+\frac1{2+\frac1{2+\frac1{2+\frac12}}}}}}&=&\frac{2\cdot288+1}{2\cdot204} \end{eqnarray*}$

Therefore, $t_{288} = \frac{288\cdot289}{2} = 204^2 = 41616$ , so the answer is $4+1+6+1+6=\boxed{\textbf{(D) 18}}$ .

- Steven Chen (Professor Chen Education Palace, www.professorchenedu.com)

Edited by wzs26843545602 Edited by dad

Solution 1a (Alt. Pell)

As in Solution 1, we find that $(2n+1)^2-8k^2=1$ . Let $q=2n+1$ ; applying the difference of squares, we see that $(q-2\sqrt2k)(q+2\sqrt2k)=1$ . For this Pell equation, note that $q+2\sqrt2k$ and $q-2\sqrt2k$ are both algebraic integers that are conjugates of each other. WLOG let $z=q-2\sqrt2k$ so that $\overline z=q+2\sqrt2k$ ; we know that $z\overline z=1$ . It is clear that $\overline{ab}=\overline a\overline b$ , and it immediately follows that $\left(z^n\right)\overline{\left(z^n\right)}=1$ . In essence, for a solution $z$ to $z\overline z=1$ , then any integer power of $z$ is also a solution. This is particularly useful in this problem: we are given that $n=1\implies q=3$ and $k=1$ is a solution, so $z=3-2\sqrt2$ . From our result, we know that $z^2=\left(3-2\sqrt2\right)^2=17-2\sqrt2\cdot6$ is also a solution; this particular solution is $n=8$ and $k=6$ , which is the second smallest desired number. Similarly, $z^3$ gives us the third-smallest desired number, so $z^4$ must give us our desired answer. We can calculate: $z^4=\left(17-2\sqrt2\cdot6\right)^2=289+288-2\cdot17\cdot6\cdot2\sqrt2=577-2\sqrt2\cdot204$ . This lets $n=288$ and $k=204$ ; we thus know that T_{288}=204^2=41616 $, which has digit sum$ \boxed{\textbf{(D) }18} $. QED.$ \Box$~Technodoggo

==Solution 2 (Bash)==

As mentioned above,$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg)t_n = \frac{n (n+1)}{2} $. If$ t_n $is a perfect square, one of two things must occur when the fraction is split into a product. Either$ \frac{n}{2} $and$ n+1 $must both be squares, or$ n $and$ \frac{n+1}{2} $must both be squares, and thus the search for the next perfect square triangular number can be narrowed down by testing values of$ n $that are close to or are perfect squares. After some work, we reach$ n = 288 $,$ 1 $less than$ 289 $, and$ t_{288} = \frac{288\cdot289}{2} = 144 \cdot 289 = 41616 $. This product is a perfect square, and thus the sum of the digits of the fourth smallest perfect square triangular number is therefore$ 4+1+6+1+6=\boxed{\textbf{(D) 18}}$.

~kingme271

==Solution 3== According to the problem, we want to find integer$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg)p $such$ \frac{n(n+1)}{2}=p^2 $, after expanding, we have$ n^2+n=2p^2, 4n^2+4n=8p^2, (2n+1)^2-8p^2=1 $, we call$ 2n+1=q $, the equation becomes$ q^2-8p^2=1 $, obviously$ (q,p)=(3,1) $is the elementary solution for this pell equation, thus the forth smallest solution set$ q_4+2\sqrt{2}p_4=(3+2\sqrt{2})^4=577+408\sqrt{2} $, which indicates$ p=204, p^2=41616 $leads to$ \boxed{18}$~bluesoul

==Solution 4== If$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg)n \choose 2 $is a square, then$ {(2n-1)^2 \choose 2}$is also a square. We can prove this quite simply:

<cmath>{(2n-1)^2 \choose 2}</cmath> <cmath> = \frac{(2n-1)^2 \cdot ((2n-1)^2 - 1)}{2}</cmath> <cmath> = \frac{(2n-1)^2 \cdot (2n \cdot (2n - 2))}{2}</cmath> <cmath> = (2n-1)^2 \cdot 4{n \choose 2}.</cmath>

Therefore,$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg){(2 \cdot 9 - 1)^2 \choose 2} $is a square. Note that$ T_n = {n+1 \choose 2} $. We can easily check all smaller possibilities using a bit of casework, and they don't work. Our solution is thus$ {289 \choose 2} = 204^2 = 41616 $, and so the answer is$ \boxed{18}$.

~mathboy100 ==Solution 5== We want to find integer$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg)n_i $and$ m_i $such that$ t_{n_i} =\frac{n_i (n_i + 1)}{2}=m_i^2, n_0 = 0. $We use the formula$ \sqrt{n_{i+1}} = \sqrt{2n_i} + \sqrt{n_i + 1}$and get

<cmath>n_1 = ( \sqrt{2n_0} + \sqrt{n_0 + 1})^2 = (0+1)^2 = 1, </cmath> <cmath>n_2= ( \sqrt{2n_1} + \sqrt{n_1 + 1})^2 = ( \sqrt{2} + \sqrt{1 + 1})^2 = 8, </cmath> <cmath>n_3= ( \sqrt{2n_2} + \sqrt{n_2 + 1})^2 = ( \sqrt{16} + \sqrt{8 + 1})^2 = 49,</cmath> <cmath>n_4 = ( \sqrt{2n_3} + \sqrt{n_3 + 1})^2 = ( \sqrt{98} + \sqrt{49 + 1})^2 = ((7 + 5)\sqrt{2})^2 = 288, </cmath> <cmath>n_5 = ( \sqrt{2n_4} + \sqrt{n_4 + 1})^2 = ( \sqrt{576} + \sqrt{289})^2 = (24 + 17)^2 = 1681,</cmath> <cmath>n_6 = ( \sqrt{2n_5} + \sqrt{n_5 + 1})^2 = ( 41\sqrt{2} + \sqrt{1682})^2 = ((41 + 29)\sqrt{2})^2 = 9800,... </cmath> Therefore,$ (Error compiling LaTeX. Unknown error_msg)t_{n_4} = t_{288} = \frac{288\cdot289}{2} = 41616 \implies 4+1+6+1+6=\boxed{\textbf{(D) 18}}$

Pell's equation (simple solutions)

vladimir.shelomovskii@gmail.com, vvsss

Solution 6(Fast and Simple)

This is an easy one to tackle by just noticing a pattern. Write out all the perfect squares before 300, and then notice that 4 and 9 are what are the factors of the 8th term. 25 and 49 are factors of the 49th term. 4 multiplied by 2 is one less then 9. 25 multiplied by 2 is one more than 49. Well, then we keep on writing out the perfect squares and then hunt for any that can be multiplied by two and then has an absolute value of 1 valued difference. 144 and 289 satisfy this. 288th term would give us these factors. By the way, this isn't very rigorous.

No formula needed.

emilyyunhanq@gmail.com

Video Solution

https://youtu.be/ZmSg0JYEoTw

~Steven Chen (Professor Chen Education Palace, www.professorchenedu.com)

Video Solution (Smart and Simple)

https://youtu.be/7yAh4MtJ8a8?si=yGkqWQUlYlVmVbqj&t=3716

~Math-X

2022 AMC 12A (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 15	Followed by Problem 17
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