# 2000 AIME I Problems/Problem 14

## Problem

In triangle $ABC,$ it is given that angles $B$ and $C$ are congruent. Points $P$ and $Q$ lie on $\overline{AC}$ and $\overline{AB},$ respectively, so that $AP = PQ = QB = BC.$ Angle $ACB$ is $r$ times as large as angle $APQ,$ where $r$ is a positive real number. Find $\lfloor 1000r \rfloor$.

## Official Solution (MAA)

$[asy]defaultpen(fontsize(10)); size(200); pen p=fontsize(8); pair A,B,C,P,Q; B=MP("B",origin,down+left); C=MP("C",20*right,right+down); A=MP("A",extension(B,dir(80),C,C+dir(100)),up); Q=MP("Q",20*dir(80),left); P=MP("P",Q+(20*dir(60)),right); draw(A--B--C--A, black+1);draw(B--P--Q); MP("x",B,20*dir(75),p); MP("x",P,17*dir(245),p); MP("2x",Q,15*dir(70),p); MP("2x",A,15*dir(-90),p); MP("2y",P,2*left,p); MP("3x",P,10*dir(-95),p); MP("x+y",C,5*dir(135),p); MP("y",B,5*dir(40),p); [/asy]$

Let $\angle QPB=x^\circ$. Because $\angle AQP$ is exterior to isosceles triangle $PQB$ its measure is $2x$ and $\angle PAQ$ has the same measure. Because $\angle BPC$ is exterior to $\triangle BPA$ its measure is $3x$. Let $\angle PBC = y^\circ$. It follows that $\angle ACB = x+y$ and that $4x+2y=180^\circ$. Two of the angles of triangle $APQ$ have measure $2x$, and thus the measure of $\angle APQ$ is $2y$. It follows that $AQ=2\cdot AP\cdot \sin y$. Because $AB=AC$ and $AP=QB$, it also follows that $AQ=PC$. Now apply the Law of Sines to triangle $PBC$ to find $$\frac{\sin 3x}{BC}=\frac{\sin y}{PC}=\frac{\sin y}{2\cdot AP\cdot \sin y}= \frac{1}{2\cdot BC}$$because $AP=BC$. Hence $\sin 3x = \tfrac 12$. Since $4x<180$, this implies that $3x=30$, i.e. $x=10$. Thus $y=70$ and $$r=\frac{10+70}{2\cdot 70}=\frac 47,$$which implies that $1000r = 571 + \tfrac 37$. So the answer is $\boxed{571}$.

## Solution 1

$[asy]defaultpen(fontsize(8)); size(200); pair A=20*dir(80)+20*dir(60)+20*dir(100), B=(0,0), C=20*dir(0), P=20*dir(80)+20*dir(60), Q=20*dir(80), R=20*dir(60); draw(A--B--C--A);draw(P--Q);draw(A--R--B);draw(P--R);D(R--C,dashed); label("$$A$$",A,(0,1));label("$$B$$",B,(-1,-1));label("$$C$$",C,(1,-1));label("$$P$$",P,(1,1)); label("$$Q$$",Q,(-1,1));label("$$R$$",R,(1,0)); [/asy]$

Let point $R$ be in $\triangle ABC$ such that $QB = BR = RP$. Then $PQBR$ is a rhombus, so $AB \parallel PR$ and $APRB$ is an isosceles trapezoid. Since $\overline{PB}$ bisects $\angle QBR$, it follows by symmetry in trapezoid $APRB$ that $\overline{RA}$ bisects $\angle BAC$. Thus $R$ lies on the perpendicular bisector of $\overline{BC}$, and $BC = BR = RC$. Hence $\triangle BCR$ is an equilateral triangle.

Now $\angle ABR = \angle BAC = \angle ACR$, and the sum of the angles in $\triangle ABC$ is $\angle ABR + 60^{\circ} + \angle BAC + \angle ACR + 60^{\circ} = 3\angle BAC + 120^{\circ} = 180^{\circ} \Longrightarrow \angle BAC = 20^{\circ}$. Then $\angle APQ = 140^{\circ}$ and $\angle ACB = 80^{\circ}$, so the answer is $\left\lfloor 1000 \cdot \frac{80}{140} \right\rfloor = \left\lfloor \frac{4000}{7} \right\rfloor = \boxed{571}$.

## Solution 2 (Law of sines)

Let $AP=PQ=QB=BC=x$ and $A$ be the measure of $\angle BAC$. Since $\triangle APQ$ and $\triangle ABC$ are isoceles, $\angle APQ = 180-2A$ and $\angle ACB = 90-\frac{A}{2}$. Because $\triangle APQ$ and $\triangle ABC$ both have a side length $x$ opposite $\angle BAC$, by the law of sines:

$\frac{x}{\sin A}=\frac{AQ}{\sin(180-2A)}=\frac{AQ+x}{\sin(90-\frac{A}{2})}$

Simplifying, this becomes

$\frac{x}{\sin A}=\frac{AQ}{\sin 2A}=\frac{AQ+x}{\cos \frac{A}{2}}$

From the first two fractions,

$AQ\cdot \sin A = x \cdot \sin 2A = x \cdot (2\sin A \cos A) \Longrightarrow AQ=x\cdot 2\cos A$

Substituting, we have from the first and third fractions,

$\frac{x}{\sin A}=\frac{x\cdot 2\cos A + x}{\cos \frac{A}{2}} \Longrightarrow 2\cos A\sin A + \sin A=\sin 2A + \sin A = \cos \frac{A}{2}$

By sum-to-product,

$\sin 2A + \sin A = 2\sin \frac{3A}{2} \cos \frac{A}{2}$

Thus,

$2\sin \frac{3A}{2} \cos \frac{A}{2} = \cos \frac{A}{2} \Longrightarrow \sin \frac{3A}{2} = \frac{1}{2}$

Because $BC=QB, $\angle A$ is acute, so $\frac{3A}{2}=30 \Longrightarrow A=20$

$\angle ACB = \frac{180-20}{2}=80$, $\angle APQ = 180-2\cdot 20 = 140 \Longrightarrow r=\frac{4}{7}$

$1000r=\frac{4000}{7}=\boxed{571}.\overline{428571}$

## Solution 3

$[asy]defaultpen(fontsize(8)); size(200); pair A=20*dir(80)+20*dir(60)+20*dir(100), B=(0,0), C=20*dir(0), P=20*dir(80)+20*dir(60), Q=20*dir(80), R=20*dir(60), S; S=intersectionpoint(Q--C,P--B); draw(A--B--C--A);draw(B--P--Q--C--R--Q);draw(A--R--B);draw(P--R--S); label("$$A$$",A,(0,1));label("$$B$$",B,(-1,-1));label("$$C$$",C,(1,-1));label("$$P$$",P,(1,1)); label("$$Q$$",Q,(-1,1));label("$$R$$",R,(1,0));label("$$S$$",S,(-1,0)); [/asy]$

Again, construct $R$ as above.

Let $\angle BAC = \angle QBR = \angle QPR = 2x$ and $\angle ABC = \angle ACB = y$, which means $x + y = 90$. $\triangle QBC$ is isosceles with $QB = BC$, so $\angle BCQ = 90 - \frac {y}{2}$. Let $S$ be the intersection of $QC$ and $BP$. Since $\angle BCQ = \angle BQC = \angle BRS$, $BCRS$ is cyclic, which means $\angle RBS = \angle RCS = x$. Since $APRB$ is an isosceles trapezoid, $BP = AR$, but since $AR$ bisects $\angle BAC$, $\angle ABR = \angle ACR = 2x$.

Therefore we have that $\angle ACB = \angle ACR + \angle RCS + \angle QCB = 2x + x + 90 - \frac {y}{2} = y$. We solve the simultaneous equations $x + y = 90$ and $2x + x + 90 - \frac {y}{2} = y$ to get $x = 10$ and $y = 80$. $\angle APQ = 180 - 4x = 140$, $\angle ACB = 80$, so $r = \frac {80}{140} = \frac {4}{7}$. $\left\lfloor 1000\left(\frac {4}{7}\right)\right\rfloor = \boxed{571}$.

## Solution 4 (Trig identities)

Let $\angle BAC= 2\theta$ and $AP=PQ=QB=BC=x$. $\triangle APQ$ is isosceles, so $AQ=2x\cos 2\theta =2x(1-2\sin^2\theta)$ and $AB= AQ+x=x\left(3-4\sin^2\theta\right)$. $\triangle{ABC}$ is isosceles too, so $x=BC=2AB\sin\theta$. Using the expression for $AB$, we get $$1=2\left(3\sin\theta-4\sin^3\theta\right)=2\sin3\theta$$by the triple angle formula! Thus $\theta=10^\circ$ and $\angle A = 2\theta=20^\circ$. It follows now that $\angle APQ=140^\circ$, $\angle ACB=80^\circ$, giving $r=\tfrac{4}{7}$, which implies that $1000r = 571 + \tfrac 37$. So the answer is $\boxed{571}$.