Pythagorean Theorem
The Pythagorean Theorem states that for a right triangle with legs of length and and hypotenuse of length we have the relationship . This theorem has been know since antiquity and is a classic to prove; hundreds of proofs have been published and many can be demonstrated entirely visually(the book The Pythagorean Proposition alone consists of more than 370). The Pythagorean Theorem is one of the most frequently used theorems in geometry, and is one of the many tools in a good geometer's arsenal. A very large number of geometry problems can be solved by building right triangles and applying the Pythagorean Theorem.
This is generalized by the Pythagorean Inequality and the Law of Cosines.
Contents
[hide]Proofs
In these proofs, we will let be any right triangle with a right angle at .
Proof 1
We use to denote the area of triangle .
Let be the perpendicular to side from .
Since are similar right triangles, and the areas of similar triangles are proportional to the squares of corresponding side lengths,
.
But since triangle is composed of triangles and , , so . ∎
Proof 2
Consider a circle with center and radius . Since and are perpendicular, is tangent to . Let the line meet at and , as shown in the diagram:
Evidently, and . By considering the power of point with respect to , we see
. ∎
Proof 3
and are squares.
. ∎
Common Pythagorean Triples
A Pythagorean Triple is a set of 3 positive integers such that , i.e. the 3 numbers can be the lengths of the sides of a right triangle. Among these, the Primitive Pythagorean Triples, those in which the three numbers have no common divisor, are most interesting. A few of them are:
Also Pythagorean Triples can be created with the a Pythagorean triple by multiplying the lengths by any integer.
For example,
Note that (-1,0,1) and (3,4,5) are the only pythagoren triplets that consist of consecutive integers.
Also, if (a,b,c) are a pythagorean triplet it follows that (ka,kb,kc) will also form a pythagorean triplet for any constant k.
k can also be imaginary.
Problems
Introductory
Sample Problem
Right triangle has legs of length and . Find the hypotenuse of .
Solution 1 (Bash)
.
Solution 2 (Using 3-4-5)
We see looks like the legs of a right triangle with a multiplication factor of 111. Thus .
Another Problem
Right triangle has side lengths of and . Find the sum of all the possible hypotenuses.
Solution (Casework)
Case 1:
3 and 4 are the legs. Then 5 is the hypotenuse.
Case 2:
3 is a leg and 4 is the hypotenuse.
There are no more cases as the hypotenuse has to be greater than the leg.
This makes the sum .