Substitution

Substitution is when one replaces all instances of a variable (or expression) with another equivalent variable (or expression).

Uses

System of Equations

Main article: System of equations

Substitution is a relatively universal method to solve simultaneous equations. It is generally introduced in a first year high school algebra class. A solution generally exists when the number of equations is exactly equal to the number of unknowns. The method of solving by substitution includes:

1. Isolation of a variable

2. Substitution of variable into another equation to reduce the number of variables by one

3. Repeat until there is a single equation in one variable, which can be solved by means of other methods.

For example, consider the below system. \[\left\{\begin{array}{l}x+y=-1\\3x-y=5\end{array}\right.\] An example of solving the system by substitution is when we start by isolating $y$ in the top equation to get $y = -x - 1$. Then, we can replace all instances of $y$ with $(-x-1)$ in the second equation. Doing so results in an equation with one variable, and solving it results in \begin{align*} 3x-(-x-1) &= 5 \\ 3x+x+1 &= 5 \\ 4x+1 &= 5 \\ 4x &= 4 \\ x &= 1. \end{align*} After solving for $x$, we can "plug in" the value $1$ for $x$ to get $y = -(1)-1 = -2$, so the solution to the system is $(1,-2)$. As usual, we can check by substituting $1$ for $x$ and $-2$ for $y$.

This same method is used for simultaneous equations with more than two equations.

Observing Common Parts

Substitution can also be used when an expression has multiple common parts.

For instance, consider the equation $4^x - 6 \cdot 2^x + 8 = 0$. Note that with exponent properties, we can rewrite the equation as $(2^x)^2 - 6 \cdot 2^x + 8 = 0$. Because there are multiple instances of $2^x$ in the equation, we can let $y = 2^x$ and substitute $2^x$ for $y$ to make the equation easier to solve.

Doing so results in \begin{align*} y^2 - 6y + 8 &= 0 \\ (y-4)(y-2) &= 0 \\ y &= 2, 4. \end{align*} Finally, we can substitute $y$ for $2^x$ to get $2^x = 2$ or $2^x = 4$, resulting in $x = 1$ or $x = 2$. As usual, we can check by substituting $1$ and $2$ for $x$ separately.

Problems

Introductory

Intermediate