Difference between revisions of "2017 AIME II Problems/Problem 4"
(→Solution) |
Made in 2016 (talk | contribs) (→Casework Solution) |
||
(7 intermediate revisions by 6 users not shown) | |||
Line 3: | Line 3: | ||
==Solution== | ==Solution== | ||
+ | ===Solution 1=== | ||
The base-<math>3</math> representation of <math>2017_{10}</math> is <math>2202201_3</math>. Because any <math>7</math>-digit base-<math>3</math> number that starts with <math>22</math> and has no digit equal to <math>0</math> must be greater than <math>2017_{10}</math>, all <math>7</math>-digit numbers that have no digit equal to <math>0</math> must start with <math>21</math> or <math>1</math> in base <math>3</math>. Of the base-<math>3</math> numbers that have no digit equal to <math>0</math>, there are <math>2^5</math> <math>7</math>-digit numbers that start with <math>21</math>, <math>2^6</math> <math>7</math>-digit numbers that start with <math>1</math>, <math>2^6</math> <math>6</math>-digit numbers, <math>2^5</math> <math>5</math>-digit numbers, <math>2^4</math> <math>4</math>-digit numbers, <math>2^3</math> <math>3</math>-digit numbers, <math>2^2</math> <math>2</math>-digit numbers, and <math>2^1</math> <math>1</math>-digit numbers. Summing these up, we find that the answer is <math>2^5+2^6+2^6+2^5+2^4+2^3+2^2+2^1=\boxed{222}</math>. | The base-<math>3</math> representation of <math>2017_{10}</math> is <math>2202201_3</math>. Because any <math>7</math>-digit base-<math>3</math> number that starts with <math>22</math> and has no digit equal to <math>0</math> must be greater than <math>2017_{10}</math>, all <math>7</math>-digit numbers that have no digit equal to <math>0</math> must start with <math>21</math> or <math>1</math> in base <math>3</math>. Of the base-<math>3</math> numbers that have no digit equal to <math>0</math>, there are <math>2^5</math> <math>7</math>-digit numbers that start with <math>21</math>, <math>2^6</math> <math>7</math>-digit numbers that start with <math>1</math>, <math>2^6</math> <math>6</math>-digit numbers, <math>2^5</math> <math>5</math>-digit numbers, <math>2^4</math> <math>4</math>-digit numbers, <math>2^3</math> <math>3</math>-digit numbers, <math>2^2</math> <math>2</math>-digit numbers, and <math>2^1</math> <math>1</math>-digit numbers. Summing these up, we find that the answer is <math>2^5+2^6+2^6+2^5+2^4+2^3+2^2+2^1=\boxed{222}</math>. | ||
+ | ===Solution 2=== | ||
− | + | Note that <math>2017=2202201_{3}</math>, and <math>2187=3^7=10000000_{3}</math>. There can be a <math>1,2,...,7</math> digit number less than <math>2187</math>, and each digit can either be <math>1</math> or <math>2</math>. So <math>2^1</math> one digit numbers and so on up to <math>2^7</math> <math>7</math> digit. | |
− | |||
− | + | Now we have to subtract out numbers from <math>2018</math> to <math>2187</math> | |
− | + | Then either the number must begin <math>221...</math> or <math>222...</math> with four more digits at the end | |
− | + | Using <math>1</math>s and <math>2</math>s there are <math>2^4</math> options for each so: | |
− | + | <math>2+4+8+16+32+64+128-2*16=256-2-32=\boxed{222}</math> | |
+ | ===Solution 3 (Casework)=== | ||
+ | Since the greatest power of <math>3</math> that can be used is <math>3^6</math>, we can do these cases. | ||
− | + | Coefficient of <math>3^6=0</math>: Then if the number has only <math>3^0</math>, it has 2 choices (1 or 2). Likewise if the number has both a <math>3^1</math> and <math>3^0</math> term, there are 4 choices, and so on until <math>3^5</math>, so the sum is <math>2+4+...+64=127-1=126</math>. | |
− | + | Coefficient of <math>3^6=1</math>: Any combination of <math>1</math> or <math>2</math> for the remaining coefficients works, so <math>2^6=64</math>. Why is this less than <math>126</math>? Because the first time around, leading zeroes didn't count. But this time, all coefficients <math>3^n</math> of <math>n<6</math> need 1 and 2. | |
− | + | Coefficient of <math>3^6=2</math>: Look at <math>3^5</math> coefficient. If 1, all of them work because <math>3^7=2187-3^5=243<<2017</math>. That's 32 cases. Now of this coefficient is 2, then at the coefficient of <math>3^4=81</math> is at least 1. However, <math>3^6*2+3^5*2+3^4>>2017</math>, so our answer is <math>126+64+32=\boxed{222}</math>. | |
− | |||
− | 2+4 | ||
=See Also= | =See Also= | ||
{{AIME box|year=2017|n=II|num-b=3|num-a=5}} | {{AIME box|year=2017|n=II|num-b=3|num-a=5}} | ||
{{MAA Notice}} | {{MAA Notice}} |
Latest revision as of 14:31, 20 February 2020
Problem
Find the number of positive integers less than or equal to whose base-three representation contains no digit equal to
.
Solution
Solution 1
The base- representation of
is
. Because any
-digit base-
number that starts with
and has no digit equal to
must be greater than
, all
-digit numbers that have no digit equal to
must start with
or
in base
. Of the base-
numbers that have no digit equal to
, there are
-digit numbers that start with
,
-digit numbers that start with
,
-digit numbers,
-digit numbers,
-digit numbers,
-digit numbers,
-digit numbers, and
-digit numbers. Summing these up, we find that the answer is
.
Solution 2
Note that , and
. There can be a
digit number less than
, and each digit can either be
or
. So
one digit numbers and so on up to
digit.
Now we have to subtract out numbers from to
Then either the number must begin or
with four more digits at the end
Using s and
s there are
options for each so:
Solution 3 (Casework)
Since the greatest power of that can be used is
, we can do these cases.
Coefficient of : Then if the number has only
, it has 2 choices (1 or 2). Likewise if the number has both a
and
term, there are 4 choices, and so on until
, so the sum is
.
Coefficient of : Any combination of
or
for the remaining coefficients works, so
. Why is this less than
? Because the first time around, leading zeroes didn't count. But this time, all coefficients
of
need 1 and 2.
Coefficient of : Look at
coefficient. If 1, all of them work because
. That's 32 cases. Now of this coefficient is 2, then at the coefficient of
is at least 1. However,
, so our answer is
.
See Also
2017 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 3 |
Followed by Problem 5 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 | ||
All AIME Problems and Solutions |
The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.