Difference between revisions of "Substitution"
(Overview and Methods of Solving Simultaneous Equations with Substitution) |
Rockmanex3 (talk | contribs) (Cleanup and added clever substitution section.) |
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+ | '''Substitution''' is when one replaces all instances of a variable (or expression) with another equivalent variable (or expression). | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Uses== | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===System of Equations=== | ||
+ | |||
+ | {{main|System of equations}} | ||
+ | |||
Substitution is a relatively universal method to solve simultaneous equations. It is generally introduced in a first year high school algebra class. A solution generally exists when the number of equations is exactly equal to the number of unknowns. The method of solving by substitution includes: | Substitution is a relatively universal method to solve simultaneous equations. It is generally introduced in a first year high school algebra class. A solution generally exists when the number of equations is exactly equal to the number of unknowns. The method of solving by substitution includes: | ||
1. Isolation of a variable | 1. Isolation of a variable | ||
+ | |||
2. Substitution of variable into another equation to reduce the number of variables by one | 2. Substitution of variable into another equation to reduce the number of variables by one | ||
+ | |||
3. Repeat until there is a single equation in one variable, which can be solved by means of other methods. | 3. Repeat until there is a single equation in one variable, which can be solved by means of other methods. | ||
− | + | For example, consider the below system. | |
+ | <cmath>\left\{ | ||
+ | An example of solving the system by substitution is when we start by isolating <math>y</math> in the top equation to get <math>y = -x - 1</math>. Then, we can replace all instances of <math>y</math> with <math>(-x-1)</math> in the second equation. Doing so results in an equation with one variable, and solving it results in | ||
+ | <cmath>\begin{align*} | ||
+ | 3x-(-x-1) &= 5 \ | ||
+ | 3x+x+1 &= 5 \ | ||
+ | 4x+1 &= 5 \ | ||
+ | 4x &= 4 \ | ||
+ | x &= 1. | ||
+ | \end{align*}</cmath> | ||
+ | After solving for <math>x</math>, we can "plug in" the value <math>1</math> for <math>x</math> to get <math>y = -(1)-1 = -2</math>, so the solution to the system is <math>(1,-2)</math>. As usual, we can check by substituting <math>1</math> for <math>x</math> and <math>-2</math> for <math>y</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | This same method is used for simultaneous equations with more than two equations. | ||
− | + | ===Observing Common Parts=== | |
− | + | Substitution can also be used when an expression has multiple common parts. | |
− | x+ | + | For instance, consider the equation <math>4^x - 6 \cdot 2^x + 8 = 0</math>. Note that with exponent properties, we can rewrite the equation as <math>(2^x)^2 - 6 \cdot 2^x + 8 = 0</math>. Because there are multiple instances of <math>2^x</math> in the equation, we can let <math>y = 2^x</math> and substitute <math>2^x</math> for <math>y</math> to make the equation easier to solve. |
− | y= | ||
− | + | Doing so results in | |
+ | <cmath>\begin{align*} | ||
+ | y^2 - 6y + 8 &= 0 \ | ||
+ | (y-4)(y-2) &= 0 \ | ||
+ | y &= 2, 4. | ||
+ | \end{align*}</cmath> | ||
+ | Finally, we can substitute <math>y</math> for <math>2^x</math> to get <math>2^x = 2</math> or <math>2^x = 4</math>, resulting in <math>x = 1</math> or <math>x = 2</math>. As usual, we can check by substituting <math>1</math> and <math>2</math> for <math>x</math> separately. | ||
− | + | ==Problems== | |
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | |||
− | + | ===Introductory=== | |
− | + | * [[1961 AHSME Problems/Problem 5]] | |
− | + | * [[1969 AHSME Problems/Problem 17]] | |
+ | * [[2007 iTest Problems/Problem 2]] | ||
− | + | ===Intermediate=== | |
− | + | * [[1983 AIME Problems/Problem 3]] | |
− | + | [[Category:Algebra]] |
Latest revision as of 15:53, 10 April 2020
Substitution is when one replaces all instances of a variable (or expression) with another equivalent variable (or expression).
Contents
[hide]Uses
System of Equations
- Main article: System of equations
Substitution is a relatively universal method to solve simultaneous equations. It is generally introduced in a first year high school algebra class. A solution generally exists when the number of equations is exactly equal to the number of unknowns. The method of solving by substitution includes:
1. Isolation of a variable
2. Substitution of variable into another equation to reduce the number of variables by one
3. Repeat until there is a single equation in one variable, which can be solved by means of other methods.
For example, consider the below system. An example of solving the system by substitution is when we start by isolating in the top equation to get . Then, we can replace all instances of with in the second equation. Doing so results in an equation with one variable, and solving it results in After solving for , we can "plug in" the value for to get , so the solution to the system is . As usual, we can check by substituting for and for .
This same method is used for simultaneous equations with more than two equations.
Observing Common Parts
Substitution can also be used when an expression has multiple common parts.
For instance, consider the equation . Note that with exponent properties, we can rewrite the equation as . Because there are multiple instances of in the equation, we can let and substitute for to make the equation easier to solve.
Doing so results in Finally, we can substitute for to get or , resulting in or . As usual, we can check by substituting and for separately.