Difference between revisions of "2009 AIME I Problems/Problem 8"
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Consider the unique differences <math>2^{a + n} - 2^a</math>. Simple casework yields a sum of <math>\sum_{n = 1}^{10}(2^n - 1)(2^{11 - n} - 1) = \sum_{n = 1}^{10}2^{11} + 1 - 2^n - 2^{11 - n} = 10\cdot2^{11} + 10 - 2(2 + 2^2 + \cdots + 2^{10})</math> | Consider the unique differences <math>2^{a + n} - 2^a</math>. Simple casework yields a sum of <math>\sum_{n = 1}^{10}(2^n - 1)(2^{11 - n} - 1) = \sum_{n = 1}^{10}2^{11} + 1 - 2^n - 2^{11 - n} = 10\cdot2^{11} + 10 - 2(2 + 2^2 + \cdots + 2^{10})</math> | ||
<math>= 10\cdot2^{11} + 10 - 2^2(2^{10} - 1)\equiv480 + 10 - 4\cdot23\equiv\boxed{398}\pmod{1000}</math>. This method generalizes nicely as well. | <math>= 10\cdot2^{11} + 10 - 2^2(2^{10} - 1)\equiv480 + 10 - 4\cdot23\equiv\boxed{398}\pmod{1000}</math>. This method generalizes nicely as well. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Video Solution== | ||
+ | https://youtu.be/JIVs2eexmVQ | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
{{AIME box|year=2009|n=I|num-b=7|num-a=9}} | {{AIME box|year=2009|n=I|num-b=7|num-a=9}} | ||
+ | [[Category:Intermediate Number Theory Problems]] | ||
+ | [[Category:Intermediate Combinatorics Problems]] | ||
{{MAA Notice}} | {{MAA Notice}} |
Revision as of 17:19, 19 June 2020
Contents
[hide]Problem 8
Let . Consider all possible positive differences of pairs of elements of . Let be the sum of all of these differences. Find the remainder when is divided by .
Solution
Solution 1
When computing , the number will be added times (for terms , , ..., ), and subtracted times. Hence can be computed as .
We can now simply evaluate . One reasonably simple way:
Solution 2
In this solution we show a more general approach that can be used even if were replaced by a larger value.
As in Solution 1, we show that .
Let and let . Then obviously .
Computing is easy, as this is simply a geometric series with sum . Hence .
We can compute using a trick known as the change of summation order.
Imagine writing down a table that has rows with labels 0 to 10. In row , write the number into the first columns. You will get a triangular table. Obviously, the row sums of this table are of the form , and therefore the sum of all the numbers is precisely .
Now consider the ten columns in this table. Let's label them 1 to 10. In column , you have the values to , each of them once. And this is just a geometric series with the sum . We can now sum these column sums to get . Hence we have . This simplifies to .
Hence .
Then .
Solution 3
Consider the unique differences . Simple casework yields a sum of . This method generalizes nicely as well.
Video Solution
See also
2009 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 7 |
Followed by Problem 9 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 | ||
All AIME Problems and Solutions |
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