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Difference between revisions of "2011 AIME I Problems/Problem 14"
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Let <math>A_1 A_2 A_3 A_4 A_5 A_6 A_7 A_8</math> be a regular octagon.  Let <math>M_1</math>, <math>M_3</math>, <math>M_5</math>, and <math>M_7</math> be the midpoints of sides <math>\overline{A_1 A_2}</math>, <math>\overline{A_3 A_4}</math>, <math>\overline{A_5 A_6}</math>, and <math>\overline{A_7 A_8}</math>, respectively.  For <math>i = 1, 3, 5, 7</math>, ray <math>R_i</math> is constructed from <math>M_i</math> towards the interior of the octagon such that <math>R_1 \perp R_3</math>, <math>R_3 \perp R_5</math>, <math>R_5 \perp R_7</math>, and <math>R_7 \perp R_1</math>.  Pairs of rays <math>R_1</math> and <math>R_3</math>, <math>R_3</math> and <math>R_5</math>, <math>R_5</math> and <math>R_7</math>, and <math>R_7</math> and <math>R_1</math> meet at <math>B_1</math>, <math>B_3</math>, <math>B_5</math>, <math>B_7</math> respectively.  If <math>B_1 B_3 = A_1 A_2</math>, then <math>\cos 2 \angle A_3 M_3 B_1</math> can be written in the form <math>m - \sqrt{n}</math>, where <math>m</math> and <math>n</math> are positive integers.  Find <math>m + n</math>.
 
Let <math>A_1 A_2 A_3 A_4 A_5 A_6 A_7 A_8</math> be a regular octagon.  Let <math>M_1</math>, <math>M_3</math>, <math>M_5</math>, and <math>M_7</math> be the midpoints of sides <math>\overline{A_1 A_2}</math>, <math>\overline{A_3 A_4}</math>, <math>\overline{A_5 A_6}</math>, and <math>\overline{A_7 A_8}</math>, respectively.  For <math>i = 1, 3, 5, 7</math>, ray <math>R_i</math> is constructed from <math>M_i</math> towards the interior of the octagon such that <math>R_1 \perp R_3</math>, <math>R_3 \perp R_5</math>, <math>R_5 \perp R_7</math>, and <math>R_7 \perp R_1</math>.  Pairs of rays <math>R_1</math> and <math>R_3</math>, <math>R_3</math> and <math>R_5</math>, <math>R_5</math> and <math>R_7</math>, and <math>R_7</math> and <math>R_1</math> meet at <math>B_1</math>, <math>B_3</math>, <math>B_5</math>, <math>B_7</math> respectively.  If <math>B_1 B_3 = A_1 A_2</math>, then <math>\cos 2 \angle A_3 M_3 B_1</math> can be written in the form <math>m - \sqrt{n}</math>, where <math>m</math> and <math>n</math> are positive integers.  Find <math>m + n</math>.
  
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== Solution ==
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== Solution 1==
 
<asy>
 
<asy>
 
size(200);
 
size(200);

Revision as of 13:35, 4 July 2020

Problem

Let $A_1 A_2 A_3 A_4 A_5 A_6 A_7 A_8$ be a regular octagon. Let $M_1$, $M_3$, $M_5$, and $M_7$ be the midpoints of sides $\overline{A_1 A_2}$, $\overline{A_3 A_4}$, $\overline{A_5 A_6}$, and $\overline{A_7 A_8}$, respectively. For $i = 1, 3, 5, 7$, ray $R_i$ is constructed from $M_i$ towards the interior of the octagon such that $R_1 \perp R_3$, $R_3 \perp R_5$, $R_5 \perp R_7$, and $R_7 \perp R_1$. Pairs of rays $R_1$ and $R_3$, $R_3$ and $R_5$, $R_5$ and $R_7$, and $R_7$ and $R_1$ meet at $B_1$, $B_3$, $B_5$, $B_7$ respectively. If $B_1 B_3 = A_1 A_2$, then $\cos 2 \angle A_3 M_3 B_1$ can be written in the form $m - \sqrt{n}$, where $m$ and $n$ are positive integers. Find $m + n$.

Solution 1

[asy] size(200); defaultpen(linewidth(0.8)); real dif = 45; pair A1=dir(22.5 + 3*dif)*15,A2=dir(22.5 + 2*dif)*15,A3=dir(22.5 + dif)*15,A4=dir(22.5)*15,A5=dir(22.5 + 7*dif)*15,A6=dir(22.5 + 6*dif)*15,A7=dir(22.5 + 5*dif)*15,A8=dir(22.5 + 4*dif)*15; pair M1=(A1+A2)/2,M3=(A3+A4)/2,M5=(A5+A6)/2,M7=(A7+A8)/2; pair B1=extension(M1,(A4.x-1,A4.y-1),M3,(A6.x-1,A6.y+1)),B3=extension(M3,(A6.x-1,A6.y+1),M5,(A8.x+1,A8.y+1)),B5=extension(M5,(A8.x+1,A8.y+1),M7,(A2.x+1,A2.y-1)),B7=extension(M7,(A2.x+1,A2.y-1),M1,(A4.x-1,A4.y-1)); draw(M1--B1^^M3--B3^^M5--B5^^M7--B7); draw(A1--A2--A3--A4--A5--A6--A7--A8--cycle); [/asy]


Let $\theta=\angle M_1 M_3 B_1$. Thus we have that $\cos 2 \angle A_3 M_3 B_1=\cos \left(2\theta + \frac{\pi}{2} \right)=-\sin2\theta$.

Since $A_1 A_2 A_3 A_4 A_5 A_6 A_7 A_8$ is a regular octagon and $B_1 B_3 = A_1 A_2$, let $k=A_1 A_2 = A_2 A_3 = B_1 B_3$.


Extend $\overline{A_1 A_2}$ and $\overline{A_3 A_4}$ until they intersect. Denote their intersection as $I_1$. Through similar triangles & the $45-45-90$ triangles formed, we find that $M_1 M_3=\frac{k}{2}(2+\sqrt2)$.

We also have that$\triangle M_7 B_7 M_1 =\triangle M_1 B_1 M_3$ through ASA congruence ($\angle B_7 M_7 M_1 =\angle B_1 M_1 M_3$, $M_7 M_1 = M_1 M_3$, $\angle B_7 M_1 M_7 =\angle B_1 M_3 M_1$). Therefore, we may let $n=M_1 B_7 = M_3 B_1$.

Thus, we have that $\sin\theta=\frac{n+k}{\frac{k}{2}(2+\sqrt2)}$ and that $\cos\theta=\frac{n}{\frac{k}{2}(2+\sqrt2)}$. Therefore $\sin\theta-\cos\theta=\frac{k}{\frac{k}{2}(2+\sqrt2)}=\frac{2}{2+\sqrt2}=2-\sqrt2$.

Squaring gives that $\sin^2\theta - 2\sin\theta\cos\theta + \cos^2\theta = 6-4\sqrt2$ and consequently that $-2\sin\theta\cos\theta = 5-4\sqrt2 = -\sin2\theta$ through the identities $\sin^2\theta + \cos^2\theta = 1$ and $\sin2\theta = 2\sin\theta\cos\theta$.

Thus we have that $\cos 2 \angle A_3 M_3 B_1=5-4\sqrt2=5-\sqrt{32}$. Therefore $m+n=5+32=\boxed{037}$.

Solution 2

Let $A_1A_2 = 2$. Then $B_1$ and $B_3$ are the projections of $M_1$ and $M_5$ onto the line $B_1B_3$, so $2=B_1B_3=-M_1M_5\cos x$, where $x = \angle A_3M_3B_1$. Then since $M_1M_5 = 2+2\sqrt{2}, \cos x = \dfrac{-2}{2+2\sqrt{2}}= 1-\sqrt{2}$,$\cos 2x = 2\cos^2 x -1 = 5 - 4\sqrt{2} = 5-\sqrt{32}$, and $m+n=\boxed{037}$.


Solution 3

Notice that $R_3$ and $R_7$ are parallel ($B_1B_3B_5B_7$ is a square by symmetry and since the rays are perpendicular) and $B_1B_3=B_3B_5=s=$ the distance between the parallel rays. If the regular hexagon as a side length of $s$, then $M_3M_7$ has a length of $s+s\sqrt{2}$. Let $X$ be on $R_3$ such that $M_7X$ is perpendicular to $M_3X$, and $\phi=\angle M_7M_3X$. The distance between $R_3$ and $R_7$ is $s=M_7X$, so $\sin\phi=\frac{s}{s+s\sqrt{2}}=\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{2}}$.

Since we are considering a regular hexagon, $M_3$ is directly opposite to $M_7$ and $\angle A_3M_3B_1=90 ^\circ +\phi$. All that's left is to calculate $\cos 2\angle A_3M_3B_1=\cos^2(90^\circ+\phi)-\sin^2(90^\circ+\phi)=\sin^2\phi-\cos^2\phi$. By drawing a right triangle or using the Pythagorean identity, $\cos^2\phi=\frac{2+2\sqrt2}{3+2\sqrt2}$ and $\cos 2\angle A_3M_3B_1=\frac{-1-2\sqrt2}{3+2\sqrt2}=5-4\sqrt2=5-\sqrt{32}$, so $m+n=\boxed{037}$.


Solution 4

Assume that $A_1A_2=1.$ Denote the center $O$, and the midpoint of $B_1$ and $B_3$ as $B_2$. Then we have that\[\cos\angle A_3M_3B_1=\cos(\angle A_3M_3O+\angle OM_3B_1)=-\sin(\angle OM_3B_1)=-\frac{OB_2}{OM_3}=-\frac{1/2}{1/2+\sqrt2/2}=-\frac{1}{\sqrt2+1}=1-\sqrt2.\]Thus, by the cosine double-angle theorem,\[\cos2\angle A_3M_3B_1=2(1-\sqrt2)^2-1=5-\sqrt{32},\]so $m+n=\boxed{037}$.

Diagram

[asy] size(250); pair A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,M,N,O,O2,P,W,X,Y,Z; A=(-76.537,184.776); B=(76.537,184.776); C=(184.776,76.537); D=(184.776,-76.537); E=(76.537,-184.776); F=(-76.537,-184.776); G=(-184.776,-76.537); H=(-184.776,76.537); M=(A+B)/2; N=(C+D)/2; O=(E+F)/2; O2=(A+E)/2; P=(G+H)/2; W=(100,-41.421); X=(-41.421,-100); Y=(-100,41.421); Z=(41.421,100); draw(A--B--C--D--E--F--G--H--A); label("$A_1$",A,dir(112.5)); label("$A_2$",B,dir(67.5)); label("$\textcolor{blue}{A_3}$",C,dir(22.5)); label("$A_4$",D,dir(337.5)); label("$A_5$",E,dir(292.5)); label("$A_6$",F,dir(247.5)); label("$A_7$",G,dir(202.5)); label("$A_8$",H,dir(152.5)); label("$M_1$",M,dir(90)); label("$\textcolor{blue}{M_3}$",N,dir(0)); label("$M_5$",O,dir(270)); label("$M_7$",P,dir(180)); label("$O$",O2,dir(152.5)); draw(M--W,red); draw(N--X,red); draw(O--Y,red); draw(P--Z,red); draw(O2--(W+X)/2,red); draw(O2--N,red); label("$\textcolor{blue}{B_1}$",W,dir(292.5)); label("$B_2$",(W+X)/2,dir(292.5)); label("$B_3$",X,dir(202.5)); label("$B_5$",Y,dir(112.5)); label("$B_7$",Z,dir(22.5)); [/asy] All distances are to scale.

See also

2011 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 13 		Followed by
Problem 15
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

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