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Difference between revisions of "1990 AIME Problems/Problem 1"

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The [[increasing sequence]] <math>2,3,5,6,7,10,11,\ldots</math> consists of all [[positive integer]]s that are neither the [[perfect square | square]] nor the [[perfect cube | cube]] of a positive integer. Find the 500th term of this sequence.
 
The [[increasing sequence]] <math>2,3,5,6,7,10,11,\ldots</math> consists of all [[positive integer]]s that are neither the [[perfect square | square]] nor the [[perfect cube | cube]] of a positive integer. Find the 500th term of this sequence.
  
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== Solution ==
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== Solution 1==
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Because there aren't that many perfect squares or cubes, let's look for the smallest perfect square greater than <math>500</math>. This happens to be <math>23^2=529</math>. Notice that there are <math>23</math> squares and <math>8</math> cubes less than or equal to <math>529</math>, but <math>1</math> and <math>2^6</math> are both squares and cubes. Thus, there are <math>529-23-8+2=500</math> numbers in our sequence less than <math>529</math>.  Magically, we want the <math>500th</math> term, so our answer is the smallest non-square and non-cube less than <math>529</math>, which is <math>528</math>.
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Because there aren't that many perfect squares or cubes, let's look for the smallest perfect square greater than <math>500</math>. This happens to be <math>23^2=529</math>. Notice that there are <math>23</math> squares and <math>8</math> cubes less than or equal to <math>529</math>, but <math>1</math> and <math>2^6</math> are both squares and cubes. Thus, there are <math>529-23-8+2=500</math> numbers in our sequence less than <math>529</math>.  Magically, we want the <math>500th</math> term, so our answer is the biggest non-square and non-cube less than <math>529</math>, which is <math>\boxed{528}</math>.
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== Solution 2==
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This solution is similar as Solution 1, but to get the intuition why we chose to consider <math>23^2 = 529</math>, consider this:
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We need <math>n - T = 500</math>, where <math>n</math> is an integer greater than 500 and <math>T</math> is the set of numbers which contains all <math>k^2,k^3\le 500</math>.
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Firstly, we clearly need <math>n > 500</math>, so we substitute n for the smallest square or cube greater than <math>500</math>. However, if we use <math>n=8^3=512</math>, the number of terms in <math>T</math> will exceed <math>n-500</math>. Therefore, <math>n=23^2=529</math>, and the number of terms in <math>T</math> is <math>23+8-2=29</math> by the [[Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion]], fulfilling our original requirement of <math>n-T=500</math>.
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As a result, our answer is <math>529-1 = \boxed{528}</math>.
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== See also ==
 
== See also ==
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* [[1990 AIME Problems]]
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{{AIME box|year=1990|before=First Question|num-a=2}}
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[[Category:Intermediate Algebra Problems]]
 
[[Category:Intermediate Algebra Problems]]
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{{MAA Notice}}

Latest revision as of 22:11, 25 June 2023

Problem

The increasing sequence $2,3,5,6,7,10,11,\ldots$ consists of all positive integers that are neither the square nor the cube of a positive integer. Find the 500th term of this sequence.

Solution 1

Because there aren't that many perfect squares or cubes, let's look for the smallest perfect square greater than $500$. This happens to be $23^2=529$. Notice that there are $23$ squares and $8$ cubes less than or equal to $529$, but $1$ and $2^6$ are both squares and cubes. Thus, there are $529-23-8+2=500$ numbers in our sequence less than $529$. Magically, we want the $500th$ term, so our answer is the biggest non-square and non-cube less than $529$, which is $\boxed{528}$.

Solution 2

This solution is similar as Solution 1, but to get the intuition why we chose to consider $23^2 = 529$, consider this:

We need $n - T = 500$, where $n$ is an integer greater than 500 and $T$ is the set of numbers which contains all $k^2,k^3\le 500$.

Firstly, we clearly need $n > 500$, so we substitute n for the smallest square or cube greater than $500$. However, if we use $n=8^3=512$, the number of terms in $T$ will exceed $n-500$. Therefore, $n=23^2=529$, and the number of terms in $T$ is $23+8-2=29$ by the Principle of Inclusion-Exclusion, fulfilling our original requirement of $n-T=500$. As a result, our answer is $529-1 = \boxed{528}$.

See also

1990 AIME (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
First Question 		Followed by
Problem 2
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions

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