Difference between revisions of "Sum and difference of powers"
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The '''sum and difference of powers''' are powerful factoring techniques that, respectively, factor a sum or a difference of certain powers. | The '''sum and difference of powers''' are powerful factoring techniques that, respectively, factor a sum or a difference of certain powers. | ||
− | ==Sums of Powers== | + | ==Sums of Odd Powers== |
<math>a^{2n+1}+b^{2n+1}=(a+b)(a^{2n}-a^{2n-1}b+a^{2n-2}b^2-\ldots-ab^{2n-1}+b^{2n})</math> | <math>a^{2n+1}+b^{2n+1}=(a+b)(a^{2n}-a^{2n-1}b+a^{2n-2}b^2-\ldots-ab^{2n-1}+b^{2n})</math> | ||
==Differences of Powers== | ==Differences of Powers== | ||
− | If p is a positive integer and x and y are real numbers, | + | If <math>p</math> is a positive integer and <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> are real numbers, |
<math>x^{p+1}-y^{p+1}=(x-y)(x^p+x^{p-1}y+\cdots +xy^{p-1}+y^p)</math> | <math>x^{p+1}-y^{p+1}=(x-y)(x^p+x^{p-1}y+\cdots +xy^{p-1}+y^p)</math> | ||
− | For example | + | For example: |
<math>x^2-y^2=(x-y)(x+y)</math> | <math>x^2-y^2=(x-y)(x+y)</math> | ||
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<math>x^4-y^4=(x-y)(x^3+x^2y+xy^2+y^3)</math> | <math>x^4-y^4=(x-y)(x^3+x^2y+xy^2+y^3)</math> | ||
− | Note that the number of terms in the | + | Note that the number of terms in the second factor is equal to the exponent in the expression being factored. |
− | An amazing thing happens when x and y differ by 1, say, x = y+1. Then x-y = 1 and | + | An amazing thing happens when <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> differ by <math>1</math>, say, <math>x = y+1</math>. Then <math>x-y = 1</math> and |
<math>x^{p+1}-y^{p+1}=(y+1)^{p+1}-y^{p+1}</math> | <math>x^{p+1}-y^{p+1}=(y+1)^{p+1}-y^{p+1}</math> | ||
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<math>=(y+1)^p+(y+1)^{p-1}y+\cdots +(y+1)y^{p-1} +y^p</math>. | <math>=(y+1)^p+(y+1)^{p-1}y+\cdots +(y+1)y^{p-1} +y^p</math>. | ||
− | For example | + | For example: |
<math>(y+1)^2-y^2=(y+1)+y</math> | <math>(y+1)^2-y^2=(y+1)+y</math> | ||
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<math>(y+1)^4-y^4=(y+1)^3+(y+1)^2y+(y+1)y^2+y^3</math> | <math>(y+1)^4-y^4=(y+1)^3+(y+1)^2y+(y+1)y^2+y^3</math> | ||
− | If we also know that <math>y\geq 0</math> then | + | If we also know that <math>y\geq 0</math> then: |
<math>2y\leq (y+1)^2-y^2\leq 2(y+1)</math> | <math>2y\leq (y+1)^2-y^2\leq 2(y+1)</math> | ||
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<math>(p+1)y^p\leq (y+1)^{p+1}-y^{p+1}\leq (p+1)(y+1)^p</math> | <math>(p+1)y^p\leq (y+1)^{p+1}-y^{p+1}\leq (p+1)(y+1)^p</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Sum of Cubes== | ||
+ | <math>1^3=1^2</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>1^3+2^3 =3^2</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>1^3 +2^3+3^3=6^2</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>1^3+2^3+3^3+4^3=10^2</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>1^3+2^3+3^3+4^3+\ldots+n^3=\left(\frac{n(n+1)}{2} \right) ^2=(1+2+3+4+\ldots+n)^2</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Factorizations of Sums of Powers== | ||
+ | <math>x^2-y^2=(x-y)(x+y)</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>x^3-y^3=(x-y)(x^2+xy+y^2)</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>x^4-y^4=(x-y)(x^3+x^2y+xy^2+y^3)</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Note that all these sums of powers can be factorized as follows: | ||
+ | |||
+ | If we have a difference of powers of degree <math>n</math>, then | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>x^n-y^n=(x-y)(x^{n - 1}+x^{n-2}y+x^{n-3}y^2...+y^{n - 1})</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Note, of course, that some of the signs simply change when we have sum of powers instead of difference. Regardless, observe that the "longer" polynomial in the factorization is simply a binomial theorem expansion of the binomial <math>(x+y)^n</math>, except for the fact that the coefficient on each of the terms is <math>1</math>. This can be quite useful in problems that might have a sum of powers expression as well as an application of the binomial theorem. | ||
+ | |||
+ | - icecreamrolls8 | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
* [[Factoring]] | * [[Factoring]] | ||
* [[Difference of squares]], an extremely common specific case of this. | * [[Difference of squares]], an extremely common specific case of this. | ||
− | + | * [[Binomial Theorem]] | |
− | [[Category: | + | |
+ | [[Category:Algebra]] |
Latest revision as of 05:25, 6 May 2024
The sum and difference of powers are powerful factoring techniques that, respectively, factor a sum or a difference of certain powers.
Contents
[hide]Sums of Odd Powers
Differences of Powers
If is a positive integer and and are real numbers,
For example:
Note that the number of terms in the second factor is equal to the exponent in the expression being factored.
An amazing thing happens when and differ by , say, . Then and
.
For example:
If we also know that then:
Sum of Cubes
Factorizations of Sums of Powers
Note that all these sums of powers can be factorized as follows:
If we have a difference of powers of degree , then
Note, of course, that some of the signs simply change when we have sum of powers instead of difference. Regardless, observe that the "longer" polynomial in the factorization is simply a binomial theorem expansion of the binomial , except for the fact that the coefficient on each of the terms is . This can be quite useful in problems that might have a sum of powers expression as well as an application of the binomial theorem.
- icecreamrolls8
See Also
- Factoring
- Difference of squares, an extremely common specific case of this.
- Binomial Theorem