Difference between revisions of "2018 AMC 12A Problems/Problem 19"
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Let <math>A</math> be the set of positive integers that have no prime factors other than <math>2</math>, <math>3</math>, or <math>5</math>. The infinite sum <cmath>\frac{1}{1} + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{9} + \frac{1}{10} + \frac{1}{12} + \frac{1}{15} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{1}{18} + \frac{1}{20} + \cdots</cmath>of the reciprocals of the elements of <math>A</math> can be expressed as <math>\frac{m}{n}</math>, where <math>m</math> and <math>n</math> are relatively prime positive integers. What is <math>m+n</math>? | Let <math>A</math> be the set of positive integers that have no prime factors other than <math>2</math>, <math>3</math>, or <math>5</math>. The infinite sum <cmath>\frac{1}{1} + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{3} + \frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{5} + \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{8} + \frac{1}{9} + \frac{1}{10} + \frac{1}{12} + \frac{1}{15} + \frac{1}{16} + \frac{1}{18} + \frac{1}{20} + \cdots</cmath>of the reciprocals of the elements of <math>A</math> can be expressed as <math>\frac{m}{n}</math>, where <math>m</math> and <math>n</math> are relatively prime positive integers. What is <math>m+n</math>? | ||
− | <math>\textbf{(A)} | + | <math>\textbf{(A) } 16 \qquad \textbf{(B) } 17 \qquad \textbf{(C) } 19 \qquad \textbf{(D) } 23 \qquad \textbf{(E) } 36</math> |
− | == Solution == | + | == Solution 1 == |
− | + | Note that the fractions of the form <math>\frac{1}{2^a3^b5^c},</math> where <math>a,b,</math> and <math>c</math> are nonnegative integers, span all terms of the infinite sum. | |
− | |||
− | </ | ||
− | |||
− | == | + | Therefore, the infinite sum becomes |
− | + | <cmath>\begin{align*} | |
+ | \sum_{a=0}^{\infty}\sum_{b=0}^{\infty}\sum_{c=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{2^a3^b5^c} &= \left(\sum_{a=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{2^a}\right)\cdot\left(\sum_{b=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{3^b}\right)\cdot\left(\sum_{c=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{5^c}\right) \ | ||
+ | &= \frac{1}{1-\frac12}\cdot\frac{1}{1-\frac13}\cdot\frac{1}{1-\frac15} \ | ||
+ | &= 2\cdot\frac32\cdot\frac54 \ | ||
+ | &= \frac{15}{4} | ||
+ | \end{align*}</cmath> | ||
+ | by a product of geometric series, from which the answer is <math>15+4=\boxed{\textbf{(C) } 19}.</math> | ||
− | + | ~athens2016 ~MRENTHUSIASM | |
− | + | == Solution 2 == | |
+ | This solution is the same as Solution 1 but potentially clearer. | ||
− | + | Clearly this is just summing over the reciprocals of the numbers of the form <math>2^i3^j5^k</math>, where <math>i,j,k\in [0,\infty)</math>. So our desired sum is <math>\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\sum_{j=0}^{\infty}\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{2^i3^j5^k}</math>. By the infinite geometric series formula, <math>\sum_{i=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{2^i3^j5^k}</math> is just <math>\frac{\frac{1}{3^j5^k}}{1-\frac{1}{2}}=\frac{2}{3^j5^k}</math>. Applying the infinite geometric series formula again gives that <math>\sum_{j=0}^{\infty}\frac{2}{3^j5^k}=\frac{\frac{2}{5^k}}{1-\frac{1}{3}}=\frac{3}{5^k}</math>. Applying the infinite geometric series formula again yields <math>\sum_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{3}{5^k}=\frac{3}{1-\frac{1}{5}}=\frac{15}{4}</math>. Hence our final answer is <math>15+4=\boxed{\textbf{(C) } 19}</math>. | |
− | + | ~vsamc | |
− | The | + | == Solution 3 == |
+ | Separate into <math>7</math> separate infinite series's so we can calculate each and find the original sum: | ||
+ | |||
+ | The first infinite sequence shall be all the reciprocals of the powers of <math>2</math>, the second shall be reciprocals of the powers of <math>3</math>, and the third will consist of reciprocals of the powers of <math>5</math>. We can easily calculate these to be <math>1, \frac{1}{2}, \frac{1}{4}</math> respectively. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The fourth infinite series shall be all real numbers in the form <math> \frac{1}{2^a3^b}</math>, where <math>a,b\geq1</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The fifth is all real numbers in the form <math> \frac{1}{2^a5^b}</math>, where <math>a,b\geq1</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The sixth is all real numbers in the form <math> \frac{1}{3^a5^b}</math>, where <math>a,b\geq1</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The seventh infinite series is all real numbers in the form <math> \frac{1}{2^a3^b5^c}</math>, where <math>a,b,c\geq1</math>. | ||
Let us denote the first sequence as <math>a_{1}</math>, the second as <math>a_{2}</math>, etc. We know <math>a_{1}=1</math>, <math>a_{2}=\frac{1}{2}</math>, <math>a_{3}=\frac{1}{4}</math>, let us find <math>a_{4}</math>. factoring out <math>\frac{1}{6}</math> from the terms in this subsequence, we would get <math>a_{4}=\frac{1}{6}(1+a_{1}+a_{2}+a_{4})</math>. | Let us denote the first sequence as <math>a_{1}</math>, the second as <math>a_{2}</math>, etc. We know <math>a_{1}=1</math>, <math>a_{2}=\frac{1}{2}</math>, <math>a_{3}=\frac{1}{4}</math>, let us find <math>a_{4}</math>. factoring out <math>\frac{1}{6}</math> from the terms in this subsequence, we would get <math>a_{4}=\frac{1}{6}(1+a_{1}+a_{2}+a_{4})</math>. | ||
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Knowing <math>a_{1}</math> and <math>a_{2}</math>, we can substitute and solve for <math>a_{4}</math>, and we get <math>\frac{1}{2}</math>. If we do similar procedures for the fifth and sixth sequences, we can solve for them too, and we get after solving them <math>\frac{1}{4}</math> and <math>\frac{1}{8}</math>. | Knowing <math>a_{1}</math> and <math>a_{2}</math>, we can substitute and solve for <math>a_{4}</math>, and we get <math>\frac{1}{2}</math>. If we do similar procedures for the fifth and sixth sequences, we can solve for them too, and we get after solving them <math>\frac{1}{4}</math> and <math>\frac{1}{8}</math>. | ||
− | Finally, for the seventh sequence, we see <math>a_{7}=\frac{a_{8}}{30}</math>, where <math>a_{8}</math> is the infinite series the problem is asking us to solve for. The sum of all seven subsequences will equal the one we are looking for, | + | Finally, for the seventh sequence, we see <math>a_{7}=\frac{a_{8}}{30}</math>, where <math>a_{8}</math> is the infinite series the problem is asking us to solve for. The sum of all seven subsequences will equal the one we are looking for, and we need to add the <math>\frac11</math> term back: <math>1+1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{8}+\frac{a_{8}}{30}=a_{8}</math>. We solve this to get <math>\frac{29}{8}=\frac{29a_{8}}{30}</math>, or <math>\frac{15}{4}=a_{8}</math>. So our answer is <math>\frac{15}{4}</math>, but we are asked to add the numerator and denominator, which sums up to <math>\boxed{\textbf{(C) } 19}</math>. |
~~Edited by mprincess0229~~ | ~~Edited by mprincess0229~~ | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Solution 4(clear but takes time)== | ||
+ | |||
+ | First of all, we need to find some geometric sequences hidden in here. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The first sequence is just <math>\frac{1}{1}</math>. We can just leave this 1 by itself. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The second sequence contains all numbers in the form of <math>\frac{1}{2^p}</math>. This is just 1/2+1/4+...=1. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The third sequence contains all numbers in the form of <math>\frac{1}{2^p\cdot 3}</math>. These add to <math>\frac{\frac13}{\frac12}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The fourth sequence contains all numbers in the form of <math>\frac{1}{2^p\cdot 5}</math>. These add to <math>\frac{\frac15}{\frac12}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Essentially, every number is contained in a sequence that starts with the term that is the reciprocal of the result when the number is repeatedly divided by 2 until the number is odd. | ||
+ | |||
+ | These will add up to <math>1+1+\frac{\frac{1}{3}+\frac{1}{5}+\frac{1}{9}+\frac{1}{15}+\frac{1}{25}+\frac{1}{27}+\cdots}{\frac{1}{2}}</math>. Note that the numerator of that fraction is the sum of the reciprocals of every number with only 3 or 5 in its prime factorization. Let's call that numerator <math>x</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | So now, we find <math>x</math>. That strategy worked out pretty well. Let's use it again. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The first sequence contains all numbers in the form of <math>\frac{1}{3^p}</math>. These add to <math>\frac{\frac13}{\frac23}</math>. The second sequence contains all numbers in the form of <math>\frac{1}{3^p\cdot5}</math>. These add to <math>\frac{\frac15}{\frac23}</math>. The third sequence contains all numbers in the form of <math>\frac{1}{3^p\cdot 5^2}</math>. These add to <math>\frac{\frac{1}{25}}{\frac{2}{3}}</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Essentially, every number is contained in a sequence that starts with the term that is the reciprocal of the result when the number is repeatedly divided by 3 until the number is not divisible by 3. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The total sum for <math>x</math> is <math>\frac{1}{2}+\frac{\text{a geometric sequence}}{\frac{2}{3}}</math>, and that geometric sequence evaluates to <math>\frac{\frac{1}{5}}{1-\frac{1}{5}}=\frac{1}{4}</math>. Then we just need to do the computation. | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>x</math> is <math>\frac{\frac14}{\frac23}+\frac12=\frac78</math>. Recalling our answer is <math>\frac{x}{\frac12}+2</math>, we can plug in <math>x</math> to get a final answer of <math>\frac{7}{4}+2=\frac{15}{4}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Finally, we can add <math>15+4=\boxed{\textbf{(C) } 19}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ~yrock | ||
+ | |||
+ | What's up with the LaTeX rendering? Someone help... | ||
+ | |||
+ | I fixed it, dw it just an extra dollar sign | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Video Solution by LetsSolveMathProblems == | ||
+ | |||
+ | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=woXlEargLpI&ab_channel=LetsSolveMathProblems | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
{{AMC12 box|year=2018|ab=A|num-b=18|num-a=20}} | {{AMC12 box|year=2018|ab=A|num-b=18|num-a=20}} | ||
{{MAA Notice}} | {{MAA Notice}} |
Latest revision as of 19:27, 3 July 2024
Contents
[hide]Problem
Let be the set of positive integers that have no prime factors other than , , or . The infinite sum of the reciprocals of the elements of can be expressed as , where and are relatively prime positive integers. What is ?
Solution 1
Note that the fractions of the form where and are nonnegative integers, span all terms of the infinite sum.
Therefore, the infinite sum becomes by a product of geometric series, from which the answer is
~athens2016 ~MRENTHUSIASM
Solution 2
This solution is the same as Solution 1 but potentially clearer.
Clearly this is just summing over the reciprocals of the numbers of the form , where . So our desired sum is . By the infinite geometric series formula, is just . Applying the infinite geometric series formula again gives that . Applying the infinite geometric series formula again yields . Hence our final answer is .
~vsamc
Solution 3
Separate into separate infinite series's so we can calculate each and find the original sum:
The first infinite sequence shall be all the reciprocals of the powers of , the second shall be reciprocals of the powers of , and the third will consist of reciprocals of the powers of . We can easily calculate these to be respectively.
The fourth infinite series shall be all real numbers in the form , where .
The fifth is all real numbers in the form , where .
The sixth is all real numbers in the form , where .
The seventh infinite series is all real numbers in the form , where .
Let us denote the first sequence as , the second as , etc. We know , , , let us find . factoring out from the terms in this subsequence, we would get .
Knowing and , we can substitute and solve for , and we get . If we do similar procedures for the fifth and sixth sequences, we can solve for them too, and we get after solving them and .
Finally, for the seventh sequence, we see , where is the infinite series the problem is asking us to solve for. The sum of all seven subsequences will equal the one we are looking for, and we need to add the term back: . We solve this to get , or . So our answer is , but we are asked to add the numerator and denominator, which sums up to .
~~Edited by mprincess0229~~
Solution 4(clear but takes time)
First of all, we need to find some geometric sequences hidden in here.
The first sequence is just . We can just leave this 1 by itself.
The second sequence contains all numbers in the form of . This is just 1/2+1/4+...=1.
The third sequence contains all numbers in the form of . These add to .
The fourth sequence contains all numbers in the form of . These add to .
Essentially, every number is contained in a sequence that starts with the term that is the reciprocal of the result when the number is repeatedly divided by 2 until the number is odd.
These will add up to . Note that the numerator of that fraction is the sum of the reciprocals of every number with only 3 or 5 in its prime factorization. Let's call that numerator .
So now, we find . That strategy worked out pretty well. Let's use it again.
The first sequence contains all numbers in the form of . These add to . The second sequence contains all numbers in the form of . These add to . The third sequence contains all numbers in the form of . These add to
Essentially, every number is contained in a sequence that starts with the term that is the reciprocal of the result when the number is repeatedly divided by 3 until the number is not divisible by 3.
The total sum for is , and that geometric sequence evaluates to . Then we just need to do the computation.
is . Recalling our answer is , we can plug in to get a final answer of .
Finally, we can add .
~yrock
What's up with the LaTeX rendering? Someone help...
I fixed it, dw it just an extra dollar sign
Video Solution by LetsSolveMathProblems
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=woXlEargLpI&ab_channel=LetsSolveMathProblems
See Also
2018 AMC 12A (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | |
Preceded by Problem 18 |
Followed by Problem 20 |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 | |
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions |
The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.