Difference between revisions of "2009 AMC 10B Problems/Problem 21"
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We have <math>3^2 = 9 \equiv 1 \pmod 8</math>. Hence for any <math>k</math> we have <math>3^{2k}\equiv 1^k = 1 \pmod 8</math>, and then <math>3^{2k+1} = 3\cdot 3^{2k} \equiv 3\cdot 1 = 3 \pmod 8</math>. | We have <math>3^2 = 9 \equiv 1 \pmod 8</math>. Hence for any <math>k</math> we have <math>3^{2k}\equiv 1^k = 1 \pmod 8</math>, and then <math>3^{2k+1} = 3\cdot 3^{2k} \equiv 3\cdot 1 = 3 \pmod 8</math>. | ||
− | Therefore our sum gives the same remainder modulo <math>8</math> as <math>1 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 1 + \cdots + 1 + 3</math>. There are <math>2010</math> terms in the sum, hence there are <math>2010/2 = 1005</math> pairs <math>1+3</math>, and thus the sum is <math>1005 \cdot 4 = 4020 \equiv 20 \equiv \boxed{4} \pmod 8</math>. | + | Therefore our sum gives the same remainder modulo <math>8</math> as <math>1 + 3 + 1 + 3 + 1 + \cdots + 1 + 3</math>. There are <math>2010</math> terms in the sum, hence there are <math>2010/2 = 1005</math> pairs of <math>1+3</math>, and thus the sum is <math>1005 \cdot 4 = 4020 \equiv 20 \equiv \boxed{4} \pmod 8</math>. |
+ | |||
+ | === Solution 3 === | ||
+ | |||
+ | We have the formula <math>\frac{a(r^n-1)}{r-1}</math> for the sum of a finite geometric sequence which we want to find the residue modulo 8. | ||
+ | <cmath>\frac{1 \cdot (3^{2010}-1)}{2}</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>\frac{3^{2010}-1}{2} = \frac{9^{1005}-1}{2}</cmath> | ||
+ | <cmath>\frac{9^{1005}-1}{2} \equiv \frac{1^{1005}-1}{2} \equiv \frac{0}{2} \pmod 8</cmath> | ||
+ | Therefore, the numerator of the fraction is divisible by <math>8</math>. However, when we divide the numerator by <math>2</math>, we get a remainder of <math>4</math> modulo <math>8</math>, giving us <math>\mathrm{(D)}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Note: you need to prove that <cmath>\frac{9^{1005}-1}{2}</cmath> is not congruent to 0 mod 16 because if so, then the whole thing would be congruent to 0 mod 8, even after dividing by 2 ~ ilikepi12 | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Solution 4 (Patterns) == | ||
+ | We can see that <math>\frac{3^0}{8}</math> is has a remainder of 1. <math>\frac{3^1}{8}</math> has a remainder of 4. <math>\frac{3^2}{8}</math> also has a remainder of 4. <math>\frac{3^3}{8}</math> has a remainder of 0. | ||
+ | |||
+ | If we keep on going, we can see that this pattern repeats every 4 powers of 3 - that is to say, the reminder cycles through <math>1</math>, <math>4</math>, <math>4</math>, and <math>0</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Using simple math, we can see that if assume the pattern repeats every 4 numbers, <math>3^{2009}</math> has a remainder of <math>\boxed {4}</math>. The answer is <math>\mathrm{(D)}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Video Solution== | ||
+ | https://youtu.be/V8VydUpAsS8 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ~savannahsolver | ||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
{{AMC10 box|year=2009|ab=B|num-b=20|num-a=22}} | {{AMC10 box|year=2009|ab=B|num-b=20|num-a=22}} | ||
{{MAA Notice}} | {{MAA Notice}} |
Latest revision as of 00:16, 16 October 2024
Contents
Problem
What is the remainder when is divided by 8?
Solution
Solution 1
The sum of any four consecutive powers of 3 is divisible by and hence is divisible by 8. Therefore
is divisible by 8. So the required remainder is . The answer is .
Solution 2
We have . Hence for any we have , and then .
Therefore our sum gives the same remainder modulo as . There are terms in the sum, hence there are pairs of , and thus the sum is .
Solution 3
We have the formula for the sum of a finite geometric sequence which we want to find the residue modulo 8. Therefore, the numerator of the fraction is divisible by . However, when we divide the numerator by , we get a remainder of modulo , giving us .
Note: you need to prove that is not congruent to 0 mod 16 because if so, then the whole thing would be congruent to 0 mod 8, even after dividing by 2 ~ ilikepi12
Solution 4 (Patterns)
We can see that is has a remainder of 1. has a remainder of 4. also has a remainder of 4. has a remainder of 0.
If we keep on going, we can see that this pattern repeats every 4 powers of 3 - that is to say, the reminder cycles through , , , and .
Using simple math, we can see that if assume the pattern repeats every 4 numbers, has a remainder of . The answer is .
Video Solution
~savannahsolver
See also
2009 AMC 10B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 20 |
Followed by Problem 22 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 | ||
All AMC 10 Problems and Solutions |
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