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Difference between revisions of "2005 AMC 10B Problems/Problem 24"

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What is <math>x + y + m</math>?
 
What is <math>x + y + m</math>?
  
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<math>\mathrm{(A)} 88 \qquad \mathrm{(B)} 112 \qquad \mathrm{(C)} 116 \qquad \mathrm{(D)} 144 \qquad \mathrm{(E)} 154 </math>
+
<math>\textbf{(A) } 88 \qquad \textbf{(B) } 112 \qquad \textbf{(C) } 116 \qquad \textbf{(D) } 144 \qquad \textbf{(E) } 154 </math>
  
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== Solution ==
+
== Solution 1 ==
−
Let <math>x = 10a+b, y = 10b+a</math>, [[without loss of generality]] with <math>a>b</math>. Then <math>x^2 - y^2 = (x-y)(x+y) = (9a - 9b)(11a + 11b) = 99(a-b)(a+b) = m^2</math>. It follows that <math>11|(a-b)(a+b)</math>, but <math>a-b < 10</math> so <math>11|a+b \Longrightarrow a+b=11</math>. Then we have <math>33^2(a-b) = m^2</math>. Thus <math>a-b</math> is a perfect square. Also, because <math>a-b</math> and <math>a+b</math> have the same parity, <math>a-b</math> is a one-digit odd perfect square, namely <math>1</math> or <math>9</math>. The latter case gives <math>(a,b) = (10,1)</math>, which does not work. The former case gives <math>(a,b) = (6,5)</math>, which works, and we have <math>x+y+m = 65 + 56 + 33 = 154\ \mathbf{(E)}</math>.
+
Let <math>x = 10a+b, y = 10b+a</math>. The given conditions imply <math>x>y</math>, which implies <math>a>b</math>, and they also imply that both <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> are nonzero.  
 +
 
 +
Then, <math>x^2 - y^2 = (x-y)(x+y) = (9a - 9b)(11a + 11b) = 99(a-b)(a+b) = m^2</math>.  
 +
 
 +
Since this must be a perfect square, all the exponents in its prime factorization must be even. <math>99</math> factorizes into <math>3^2 \cdot 11</math>, so <math>11|(a-b)(a+b)</math>. However, the maximum value of <math>a-b</math> is <math>9-1=8</math>, so <math>11|a+b</math>. The maximum value of <math>a+b</math> is <math>9+8=17</math>, so <math>a+b=11</math>.  
 +
 
 +
Then, we have <math>33^2(a-b) = m^2</math>, so <math>a-b</math> is a perfect square, but the only perfect squares that are within our bound on <math>a-b</math> are <math>1</math> and <math>4</math>. We know <math>a+b=11</math>, and, for <math>a-b=1</math>, adding equations to eliminate <math>b</math> gives us <math>2a=12 \Longrightarrow a=6, b=5</math>. Testing <math>a-b=4</math> gives us <math>2a=15 \Longrightarrow a=\frac{15}{2}, b=\frac{7}{2}</math>, which is impossible, as <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> must be digits. Therefore, <math>(a,b) = (6,5)</math>, and <math>x+y+m=\boxed{\textbf{(E) }154}</math>.
  
 
== Solution 2 ==
 
== Solution 2 ==
−
The first steps are the same as above.  Let <math>x = 10a+b, y = 10b+a</math>, where we know that a and b are digits (whole numbers less than 10).  Like above, we end up getting <math>(9a - 9b)(11a + 11b) = 99(a-b)(a+b) = m^2</math>.  This is where the solution diverges.   
+
The first steps are the same as Solution 1.  Let <math>x = 10a+b, y = 10b+a</math>, where we know that a and b are digits (whole numbers less than <math>10</math>).   
  
−
We know that the left side of the equation is a perfect square because m is an integer.  If we factor 99 into its prime factors, we get <math>3^2\cdot 11</math>.  In order to get a perfect square on the left side, <math>(a-b)(a+b)</math> must make both prime exponents even.  Because the a and b are digits, a simple guess would be that <math>(a+b)</math> (the bigger number) equals 11 while <math>(a-b)</math> is a factor of nine (1 or 9).  The correct guesses are <math>a = 6, b = 5</math> causing <math>x = 65, y = 56,</math> and <math>m = 33</math>.  The sum of the numbers is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E) }154}</math>
+
Like Solution 1, we end up getting <math>(9a - 9b)(11a + 11b) = 99(a-b)(a+b) = m^2</math>.  This is where the solution diverges. 
 +
 
 +
We know that the left side of the equation is a perfect square because <math>m</math> is an integer.  If we factor <math>99</math> into its prime factors, we get <math>3^2\cdot 11</math>.  In order to get a perfect square on the left side, <math>(a-b)(a+b)</math> must make both prime exponents even.  Because the a and b are digits, a simple guess would be that <math>(a+b)</math> (the bigger number) equals <math>11</math> while <math>(a-b)</math> is a factor of nine (1 or 9).  The correct guesses are <math>a = 6, b = 5</math> causing <math>x = 65, y = 56,</math> and <math>m = 33</math>.  The sum of the numbers is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E) }154}</math>
  
 
== Solution 3 ==
 
== Solution 3 ==
−
Once again, the solution is quite similar as the above solutions. Since <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> are two digit integers, we can write <math>x = 10a+b, y = 10b+a</math>. Since  <math>x^2 - y^2 = (x-y)(x+y)</math>, substituting and factoring, we get <math>99(a+b)(a-b) = m^2</math>. Therefore, <math>(a+b)(a-b) = \frac{m^2}{99}</math> and <math>\frac{m^2}{99}</math> must be an integer. Therefore a quick strategy is to find the smallest such integer <math>m</math> such that <math>\frac{m^2}{99}</math> is an integer. We notice that 99 has a prime factorization of <math>3^2 \cdot 11.</math> Let <math>m^2 = n.</math> Since we need a perfect square and 3 is already squared, we just need to square 11. So <math>3^2 \cdot 11^2</math> gives us 1089 as <math>n</math> and <math>m = \sqrt{1089} = 33.</math> We now get the equation <math>(x-y)(x+y) = 33^2</math>, which we can also write as    <math>(x-y)(x+y) = 11^2 \cdot 3^2</math>. A very simple guess assumes that <math>x-y=3^2 and x+y=11^2</math> since <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> are positive. Finally we come to the solution of <math>x=65</math> and <math>y=56</math>
+
Once again, the solution is quite similar as the above solutions. Since <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> are two digit integers, we can write <math>x = 10a+b, y = 10b+a</math> and because <math>x^2 - y^2 = (x-y)(x+y)</math>, substituting and factoring, we get <math>99(a+b)(a-b) = m^2</math>.  
 +
 
 +
Therefore, <math>(a+b)(a-b) = \frac{m^2}{99}</math> and <math>\frac{m^2}{99}</math> must be an integer. A quick strategy is to find the smallest such integer <math>m</math> such that <math>\frac{m^2}{99}</math> is an integer. We notice that 99 has a prime factorization of <math>3^2 \cdot 11.</math>
 +
 
 +
Let <math>m^2 = n.</math> Since we need a perfect square and 3 is already squared, we just need to square 11. So <math>3^2 \cdot 11^2</math> gives us 1089 as <math>n</math> and <math>m = \sqrt{1089} = 33.</math> We now get the equation <math>(x-y)(x+y) = 33^2</math>, which we can also write as    <math>(x-y)(x+y) = 11^2 \cdot 3^2</math>.
 +
 
 +
A very simple guess assumes that <math>x-y=3^2</math> and <math>x+y=11^2</math> since <math>x</math> and <math>y</math> are positive. Finally, we come to the conclusion that <math>x=65</math> and <math>y=56</math>, so <math>x+y+m</math> <math>=</math> <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E) }154}</math>.
 +
 
 +
Note that all of the solutions used <math>a+b</math> or <math>a-b</math> as part of their solution.
 +
 
 +
== Solution 4 ==
 +
Continue the same as Solution <math>3</math> until we get <math>33</math>. Knowing that <math>33^2 = 1089</math>, we have narrowed down our Pythagorean triples. We know that the <math>2</math> other squares should be larger than <math>33^2</math>, so we can start testing.
 +
 
 +
If we start testing the <math>40</math>s, it is fruitless since the closest to <math>33^2</math> would be <math>33 - 45 - 54</math> which is not a Pythagorean triple. We can start by testing out the <math>50</math>s, and it turns our that <math>33 - 56 - 65</math> is a Pythagorean triple. Therefore, our answer is <math>33+56+65</math> = <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E) }154}</math>.
 +
 
 +
~Arcticturn
 +
 
 +
==Video Solution==
 +
https://youtu.be/ybsryPSpGfM
 +
 
 +
~savannahsolver
 +
 
 +
== Video Solution ==
 +
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Y7OX5uVPac  ~David
  
 
== See Also ==
 
== See Also ==

Latest revision as of 18:23, 17 September 2023

Problem

Let $x$ and $y$ be two-digit integers such that $y$ is obtained by reversing the digits of $x$. The integers $x$ and $y$ satisfy $x^2 - y^2 = m^2$ for some positive integer $m$. What is $x + y + m$?

$\textbf{(A) } 88 \qquad \textbf{(B) } 112 \qquad \textbf{(C) } 116 \qquad \textbf{(D) } 144 \qquad \textbf{(E) } 154$

Solution 1

Let $x = 10a+b, y = 10b+a$. The given conditions imply $x>y$, which implies $a>b$, and they also imply that both $a$ and $b$ are nonzero.

Then, $x^2 - y^2 = (x-y)(x+y) = (9a - 9b)(11a + 11b) = 99(a-b)(a+b) = m^2$.

Since this must be a perfect square, all the exponents in its prime factorization must be even. $99$ factorizes into $3^2 \cdot 11$, so $11|(a-b)(a+b)$. However, the maximum value of $a-b$ is $9-1=8$, so $11|a+b$. The maximum value of $a+b$ is $9+8=17$, so $a+b=11$.

Then, we have $33^2(a-b) = m^2$, so $a-b$ is a perfect square, but the only perfect squares that are within our bound on $a-b$ are $1$ and $4$. We know $a+b=11$, and, for $a-b=1$, adding equations to eliminate $b$ gives us $2a=12 \Longrightarrow a=6, b=5$. Testing $a-b=4$ gives us $2a=15 \Longrightarrow a=\frac{15}{2}, b=\frac{7}{2}$, which is impossible, as $a$ and $b$ must be digits. Therefore, $(a,b) = (6,5)$, and $x+y+m=\boxed{\textbf{(E) }154}$.

Solution 2

The first steps are the same as Solution 1. Let $x = 10a+b, y = 10b+a$, where we know that a and b are digits (whole numbers less than $10$).

Like Solution 1, we end up getting $(9a - 9b)(11a + 11b) = 99(a-b)(a+b) = m^2$. This is where the solution diverges.

We know that the left side of the equation is a perfect square because $m$ is an integer. If we factor $99$ into its prime factors, we get $3^2\cdot 11$. In order to get a perfect square on the left side, $(a-b)(a+b)$ must make both prime exponents even. Because the a and b are digits, a simple guess would be that $(a+b)$ (the bigger number) equals $11$ while $(a-b)$ is a factor of nine (1 or 9). The correct guesses are $a = 6, b = 5$ causing $x = 65, y = 56,$ and $m = 33$. The sum of the numbers is $\boxed{\textbf{(E) }154}$

Solution 3

Once again, the solution is quite similar as the above solutions. Since $x$ and $y$ are two digit integers, we can write $x = 10a+b, y = 10b+a$ and because $x^2 - y^2 = (x-y)(x+y)$, substituting and factoring, we get $99(a+b)(a-b) = m^2$.

Therefore, $(a+b)(a-b) = \frac{m^2}{99}$ and $\frac{m^2}{99}$ must be an integer. A quick strategy is to find the smallest such integer $m$ such that $\frac{m^2}{99}$ is an integer. We notice that 99 has a prime factorization of $3^2 \cdot 11.$

Let $m^2 = n.$ Since we need a perfect square and 3 is already squared, we just need to square 11. So $3^2 \cdot 11^2$ gives us 1089 as $n$ and $m = \sqrt{1089} = 33.$ We now get the equation $(x-y)(x+y) = 33^2$, which we can also write as $(x-y)(x+y) = 11^2 \cdot 3^2$.

A very simple guess assumes that $x-y=3^2$ and $x+y=11^2$ since $x$ and $y$ are positive. Finally, we come to the conclusion that $x=65$ and $y=56$, so $x+y+m$ $=$ $\boxed{\textbf{(E) }154}$.

Note that all of the solutions used $a+b$ or $a-b$ as part of their solution.

Solution 4

Continue the same as Solution $3$ until we get $33$. Knowing that $33^2 = 1089$, we have narrowed down our Pythagorean triples. We know that the $2$ other squares should be larger than $33^2$, so we can start testing.

If we start testing the $40$s, it is fruitless since the closest to $33^2$ would be $33 - 45 - 54$ which is not a Pythagorean triple. We can start by testing out the $50$s, and it turns our that $33 - 56 - 65$ is a Pythagorean triple. Therefore, our answer is $33+56+65$ = $\boxed{\textbf{(E) }154}$.

~Arcticturn

Video Solution

https://youtu.be/ybsryPSpGfM

~savannahsolver

Video Solution

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Y7OX5uVPac ~David

See Also

2005 AMC 10B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
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Problem 23 		Followed by
Problem 25
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