Difference between revisions of "Stewart's Theorem"

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== Statement ==
 
== Statement ==
Given a [[triangle]] <math>\triangle ABC</math> with sides of length <math>a, b, c</math> opposite [[vertex | vertices]] are <math>A</math>, <math>B</math>, <math>C</math>, respectively.  If [[cevian]] <math>AD</math> is drawn so that <math>BD = m</math>, <math>DC = n</math> and <math>AD = d</math>, we have that <math>b^2m + c^2n = amn + d^2a</math>.  (This is also often written <math>man + dad = bmb + cnc</math>, a form which invites mnemonic memorization, i.e. "A man and his dad put a bomb in the sink."
+
Given a [[triangle]] <math>\triangle ABC</math> with sides of length <math>a, b, c</math> opposite [[vertex | vertices]] are <math>A</math>, <math>B</math>, <math>C</math>, respectively.  If [[cevian]] <math>AD</math> is drawn so that <math>BD = m</math>, <math>DC = n</math> and <math>AD = d</math>, we have that <math>b^2m + c^2n = amn + d^2a</math>.  (This is also often written <math>man + dad = bmb + cnc</math>, a form which invites mnemonic memorization, i.e. "A man and his dad put a bomb in the sink.")
  
 
<center>[[Image:Stewart's_theorem.png]]</center>
 
<center>[[Image:Stewart's_theorem.png]]</center>

Revision as of 23:45, 12 July 2019

Statement

Given a triangle $\triangle ABC$ with sides of length $a, b, c$ opposite vertices are $A$, $B$, $C$, respectively. If cevian $AD$ is drawn so that $BD = m$, $DC = n$ and $AD = d$, we have that $b^2m + c^2n = amn + d^2a$. (This is also often written $man + dad = bmb + cnc$, a form which invites mnemonic memorization, i.e. "A man and his dad put a bomb in the sink.")

Stewart's theorem.png

Proof

Applying the Law of Cosines in triangle $\triangle ABD$ at angle $\angle ADB$ and in triangle $\triangle ACD$ at angle $\angle CDA$, we get the equations

  • $n^{2} + d^{2} - 2nd\cos{\angle CDA} = b^{2}$
  • $m^{2} + d^{2} - 2md\cos{\angle ADB} = c^{2}$

Because angles $\angle ADB$ and $\angle CDA$ are supplementary, $m\angle ADB = 180^\circ - m\angle CDA$. We can therefore solve both equations for the cosine term. Using the trigonometric identity $\cos{\theta} = -\cos{(180^\circ - \theta)}$ gives us

  • $\frac{n^2 + d^2 - b^2}{2nd} = \cos{\angle CDA}$
  • $\frac{c^2 - m^2 -d^2}{2md} = \cos{\angle CDA}$

Setting the two left-hand sides equal and clearing denominators, we arrive at the equation: $c^{2}n + b^{2}m=m^{2}n +n^{2}m + d^{2}m + d^{2}n$. However, $m+n = a$ so $m^2n + n^2m = (m + n)mn$.

See also