Difference between revisions of "2011 AMC 12B Problems/Problem 17"

(Solution)
(Solution)
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Proof by induction that <math>h_{n}(x)\text{ = }10^n x - (1 + 10 + 10^2 + ... + 10^{n-1})</math>:
 
Proof by induction that <math>h_{n}(x)\text{ = }10^n x - (1 + 10 + 10^2 + ... + 10^{n-1})</math>:
  
For <math>n=1</math>, h_{1}(x)=10x - 1<math>
+
For <math>n=1</math>, <math>h_{1}(x)=10x - 1</math>
  
Assume </math>h_{n}(x)=10^n x - (1 + 10 + 10^2 + ... + 10^{n-1})<math> is true for n:
+
Assume <math>h_{n}(x)=10^n x - (1 + 10 + 10^2 + ... + 10^{n-1})</math> is true for n:
  
 
\begin{align*}
 
\begin{align*}
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Therefore, if it is true for n, then it is true for n+1; since it is also true for n = 1, it is true for all positive integers n.
 
Therefore, if it is true for n, then it is true for n+1; since it is also true for n = 1, it is true for all positive integers n.
  
</math>h_{2011}(1) = 10^{2011}\times 1{ - }(1 + 10 + 10^2 + ... + 10^{2010})<math>, which is the 2011-digit number 8888...8889
+
<math>h_{2011}(1) = 10^{2011}\times 1{ - }(1 + 10 + 10^2 + ... + 10^{2010})</math>, which is the 2011-digit number 8888...8889
  
The sum of the digits is 8 times 2010 plus 9, or </math>\boxed{16089\textbf{(B)}}$
+
The sum of the digits is 8 times 2010 plus 9, or <math>\boxed{16089\textbf{(B)}}</math>
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==
 
{{AMC12 box|year=2011|num-b=16|num-a=18|ab=B}}
 
{{AMC12 box|year=2011|num-b=16|num-a=18|ab=B}}
 
{{MAA Notice}}
 
{{MAA Notice}}

Revision as of 11:30, 11 October 2018

Problem

Let $f(x) = 10^{10x}, g(x) = \log_{10}\left(\frac{x}{10}\right), h_1(x) = g(f(x))$, and $h_n(x) = h_1(h_{n-1}(x))$ for integers $n \geq 2$. What is the sum of the digits of $h_{2011}(1)$?

$\textbf{(A)}\ 16081 \qquad \textbf{(B)}\ 16089 \qquad \textbf{(C)}\ 18089 \qquad \textbf{(D)}\ 18098 \qquad \textbf{(E)}\ 18099$

Solution

$g(x)=\log_{10}\left(\frac{x}{10}\right)=\log_{10}\left({x}\right) - 1$

$h_{1}(x)=g(f(x))\text{ = }g(10^{10x}=\log_{10}\left({10^{10x}}\right){ - 1 = 10x - 1}$

Proof by induction that $h_{n}(x)\text{ = }10^n x - (1 + 10 + 10^2 + ... + 10^{n-1})$:

For $n=1$, $h_{1}(x)=10x - 1$

Assume $h_{n}(x)=10^n x - (1 + 10 + 10^2 + ... + 10^{n-1})$ is true for n:

\begin{align*} h_{n+1}(x)&= h_{1}(h_{n}(x))\\ &=10 h_{n}(x) - 1\\ &=10 (10^n x - (1 + 10 + 10^2 + ... + 10^{n-1})) - 1\\ &= 10^{n+1} x - (10 + 10^2 + ... + 10^{n}) - 1\\ &= 10^{n+1} x - (1 + 10 + 10^2 + ... + 10^{(n+1)-1}) \end{align*}

Therefore, if it is true for n, then it is true for n+1; since it is also true for n = 1, it is true for all positive integers n.

$h_{2011}(1) = 10^{2011}\times 1{ - }(1 + 10 + 10^2 + ... + 10^{2010})$, which is the 2011-digit number 8888...8889

The sum of the digits is 8 times 2010 plus 9, or $\boxed{16089\textbf{(B)}}$

See also

2011 AMC 12B (ProblemsAnswer KeyResources)
Preceded by
Problem 16
Followed by
Problem 18
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions

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