Difference between revisions of "2011 AMC 10B Problems/Problem 23"
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== Solution 3 == | == Solution 3 == | ||
− | Notice that the hundreds digit of <math>2011^{2011}</math> won't be affected by <math>2000</math>. Essentially we could solve the problem by finding the hundreds digit of <math>11^{2011}</math>. Powers of <math>11</math> are special because they can be represented by the Pascal's Triangle. Drawing the triangle, there is a theorem that states the powers of <math>11</math> can be found by reading rows of the triangle and adding extra numbers up. [add source] For example, the sixth row of the triangle is <math>1, 5, 10, 10, 5,</math> and <math>1</math>. Adding all numbers from right to left, we get <math>161051</math>, which is also <math>11^5</math>. In other words, each number is <math>10^n</math> steps from the right side of the row. The hundreds digit is <math>0</math>. We can do the same for <math>11^2011</math>, but we only need to find the <math>3</math> digits from the right. Observing, every <math>3</math> number from the right is <math>1 + 2 + 3... + n</math>. So to find the third number from the right on the row of <math>11^{2011}</math>, <math>f(11^n) = 1 + 2 + 3... + (n-1)</math>, or <math>\frac{(2010 * 2011)}{2}</math>, or <math>2021055</math>. The last digit is five, but we must remember to add the number on the right of it, which, by observing other rows is obviously <math>2011</math>. We must carry the <math>1</math> in <math>2011</math>'s tens digit to the <math>5</math> in <math>2021055</math>'s unit digit to get <math>\boxed{\textbf{(D) } 6}</math>. The one at the very end of the row doesn't affect anything, so we can leave it alone. | + | Notice that the hundreds digit of <math>2011^{2011}</math> won't be affected by <math>2000</math>. Essentially we could solve the problem by finding the hundreds digit of <math>11^{2011}</math>. Powers of <math>11</math> are special because they can be represented by the Pascal's Triangle. Drawing the triangle, there is a theorem that states the powers of <math>11</math> can be found by reading rows of the triangle and adding extra numbers up. [add source] For example, the sixth row of the triangle is <math>1, 5, 10, 10, 5,</math> and <math>1</math>. Adding all numbers from right to left, we get <math>161051</math>, which is also <math>11^5</math>. In other words, each number is <math>10^n</math> steps from the right side of the row. The hundreds digit is <math>0</math>. We can do the same for <math>11^{2011}</math>, but we only need to find the <math>3</math> digits from the right. Observing, every <math>3</math> number from the right is <math>1 + 2 + 3... + n</math>. So to find the third number from the right on the row of <math>11^{2011}</math>, <math>f(11^n) = 1 + 2 + 3... + (n-1)</math>, or <math>\frac{(2010 * 2011)}{2}</math>, or <math>2021055</math>. The last digit is five, but we must remember to add the number on the right of it, which, by observing other rows is obviously <math>2011</math>. We must carry the <math>1</math> in <math>2011</math>'s tens digit to the <math>5</math> in <math>2021055</math>'s unit digit to get <math>\boxed{\textbf{(D) } 6}</math>. The one at the very end of the row doesn't affect anything, so we can leave it alone. |
Revision as of 19:56, 6 January 2020
Problem
What is the hundreds digit of
Solution 1
Since we know that
To compute this, we use a clever application of the binomial theorem.
In all of the other terms, the power of is greater than
and so is equivalent to
modulo
which means we can ignore it. We have:
Therefore, the hundreds digit is
Sidenote: By Euler's Totient Theorem, for any
, so
and
. We can then proceed using the clever application of the Binomial Theorem.
Solution 2
We need to compute By the Chinese Remainder Theorem, it suffices to compute
and
In modulo we have
by Euler's Theorem, and also
so we have
In modulo we have
by Euler's Theorem, and also
Therefore, we have
After finding the solution we conclude it is the only one by the Chinese Remainder Theorem. Thus, the hundreds digit is
Solution 3
Notice that the hundreds digit of won't be affected by
. Essentially we could solve the problem by finding the hundreds digit of
. Powers of
are special because they can be represented by the Pascal's Triangle. Drawing the triangle, there is a theorem that states the powers of
can be found by reading rows of the triangle and adding extra numbers up. [add source] For example, the sixth row of the triangle is
and
. Adding all numbers from right to left, we get
, which is also
. In other words, each number is
steps from the right side of the row. The hundreds digit is
. We can do the same for
, but we only need to find the
digits from the right. Observing, every
number from the right is
. So to find the third number from the right on the row of
,
, or
, or
. The last digit is five, but we must remember to add the number on the right of it, which, by observing other rows is obviously
. We must carry the
in
's tens digit to the
in
's unit digit to get
. The one at the very end of the row doesn't affect anything, so we can leave it alone.
-jackshi2006
See Also
2011 AMC 10B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 22 |
Followed by Problem 24 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 | ||
All AMC 10 Problems and Solutions |
The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.