2018 AMC 12A Problems/Problem 23

Problem

In $\triangle PAT,$ $\angle P=36^{\circ},$ $\angle A=56^{\circ},$ and $PA=10.$ Points $U$ and $G$ lie on sides $\overline{TP}$ and $\overline{TA},$ respectively, so that $PU=AG=1.$ Let $M$ and $N$ be the midpoints of segments $\overline{PA}$ and $\overline{UG},$ respectively. What is the degree measure of the acute angle formed by lines $MN$ and $PA?$

$\textbf{(A)} 76 \qquad \textbf{(B)} 77 \qquad \textbf{(C)} 78 \qquad \textbf{(D)} 79 \qquad \textbf{(E)} 80$

Solution

Let $P$ be the origin, and $PA$ lie on the x axis.

We can find $U=\left(\cos(36), \sin(36)\right)$ and $G=\left(10-\cos(56), \sin(56)\right)$

Then, we have $M=(5, 0)$ and $N=\left(\frac{10+\cos(36)-\cos(56)}{2}, \frac{\sin(36)+\sin(56)}{2}\right)$

Notice that the tangent of our desired points is the the absolute difference between the y coordinates of the two points divided by the absolute difference between the x coordinates of the two points.

This evaluates to $\frac{\sin(36)+\sin(56)}{\cos(36)-\cos(56)}$ Now, using sum to product identities, we have this equal to $\frac{2\sin(46)\cos(10)}{-2\sin(46)\sin({-10})}=\frac{\sin(80)}{\cos(80)}=\tan(80)$ so the answer is $\boxed{\textbf{(E)}.}$ (lifeisgood03)

Note: Though this solution is excellent, setting $M = (0,0)$ makes life a tad bit easier ~ MathleteMA

Solution 2 (Overkill)

Note that $X$ , the midpoint of major arc $PA$ on $(PAT)$ is the Miquel Point of $PUAG$ (Because $PU = AG$ ). Then, since $1 = \frac{UN}{NG} = \frac{PM}{MA}$ , this spiral similarity carries $M$ to $N$ . Thus, we have $\triangle XMN \sim \triangle XAG$ , so $\angle XMN = \angle XAG$ .

But, we have $\angle XAG = \angle PAG = \angle PAX = 56 - \frac{180 - \angle PXA}{2} =56 - \frac{180 - \angle T}{2} = 56 - \frac{\angle A + \angle P}{2} = 56 - \frac{56+36}{2} = 56 - 46 = 10$ ; thus $\angle XMN = 10$ .

Then, as $X$ is the midpoint of the major arc, it lies on the perpendicular bisector of $PA$ , so $\angle XMA = 90$ . Since we want the acute angle, we have $\angle NMA = \angle XMA - \angle XMN = 90 - 10 = 80$ , so the answer is $\boxed{\textbf{(E)}}$ .

(stronto)

Solution 3 (Nice, I Think?)

Let the bisector of $\angle ATP$ intersect $PA$ at $X.$ We have $\angle ATX = \angle PTX = 44^{\circ},$ so $\angle TXA = 80^{\circ}.$ We claim that $MN$ is parallel to this angle bisector, meaning that the acute angle formed by $MN$ and $PA$ is $80^{\circ},$ meaning that the answer is $\boxed{\textbf{(E)}}$ .

To prove this, let $N(x)$ be the midpoint of $U(x)G(x),$ where $U(x)$ and $G(x)$ are the points on $PT$ and $AT,$ respectively, such that $PU = AG = x.$ (The points given in this problem correspond to $x=1,$ but the idea we're getting at is that $x$ will ultimately not matter.) Since $U(x)$ and $G(x)$ vary linearly with $x,$ the locus of all points $N(x)$ must be a line. Notice that $N(0) = M,$ so $M$ lies on this line. Let $N(x_0)$ be the intersection of this line with $PT$ (we know that this line will intersect $PT$ and not $AT$ because $PT > AT$ ). Notice that $G(x_0) = T.$

Let $AT = a, TP = b, PT = c.$ Then $AG(x_0) = PU(x_0) = AT = a$ and $PG(x_0) = PT = b.$ Thus, $PN(x_0) = \frac{a+b}{2}.$ By the Angle Bisector Theorem, $\frac{PX}{AX} = \frac{PT}{AT} = \frac{b}{a},$ so $PX = \frac{bc}{a+b}.$ Since $M$ is the midpoint of $AP,$ we also have $PM = \frac{c}{2}.$ Notice that:

$\frac{PM}{PX} = \frac{\frac{c}{2}}{\frac{bc}{a+b}} = \frac{a+b}{2b}$ $\frac{PN(x_0)}{PT} = \frac{\frac{a+b}{2}}{b} = \frac{a+b}{2b}$

Since $\frac{PN(x_0)}{PT} = \frac{PM}{PX},$ the line containing all points $N(x)$ must be parallel to $TX.$ This concludes the proof.

The critical insight to finding this solution is that the length $1$ probably shouldn't matter because a length ratio of $1:5$ or $1:10$ (as in the problem) is exceedingly unlikely to generate nice angles. This realization then motivates the idea of looking at all points similar to $N,$ which then leads to looking at the most convenient such point (in this case, the one that lies on $PT$ ).

(sujaykazi) Shoutout to Richard Yi and Mark Kong for working with me to discover the necessary insights to this problem!

Solution 4

Let the mid-point of $\overline{AT}$ be $B$ and the mid-point of $\overline{GT}$ be $C$ . Since $\overline{BC}=\overline{CG}-\overline{BG}$ and $\overline{CG}=\overline{AB}-\frac{1}{2}$ , we can conclude that $\overline{BC}=\frac{1}{2}$ . Similarly, we can conclude that $\overline{BM}-\overline{CN}=\frac{1}{2}$ . Construct $ND//BC$ and intersects $\overline{BM}$ at $D$ , which gives $\overline{MD}=\overline{DN}=\frac{1}{2}$ . Since $\angle{ABD}=\angle{BDN}$ , $\overline{MD}=\overline{DN}$ , we can find the value of $\angle{DMN}$ , which is equal to $\frac{1}{2}T=44^{\circ}$ . Since $BM//PT$ , which means $\angle{DMN}+\angle{MNP}+\angle{P}=180^{\circ}$ , we can infer that $\angle{MNP}=100^{\circ}$ . As we are required to give the acute angle formed, the final answer would be $80^{\circ}$ , which is $\boxed{\textbf{(E)}}$ . (Surefire2019)

Solution 5 (Simplest, I think)

Link $PN$ , extend $PN$ to $Q$ so that $QN=PN$ . Then link $QG$ and $QA$ .

$\because M$ , $N$ is the middle point of $AP$ and $QU$

$\therefore MN$ is the middle line of $\bigtriangleup PAQ$

$\therefore \angle QAP=\angle NMP$

Notice that $\bigtriangleup PUN\cong \bigtriangleup QGN$

As a result, $QG=AG=UP=1$ , $\angle AQG=\angle QAG$ , $\angle GQN=\angle NPU$

Also, $\angle GQN+\angle QPA=\angle QPU+\angle QPA=\angle UPA=36^{\circ}$

As a result, $2\angle QAG=180^{\circ}-56^{\circ}-36^{\circ}=88^{\circ}$

Therefore, $\angle QAP=\angle QAG+\angle TAP=56^{\circ}+44^{\circ}=100^{\circ}$

Since we are asked for the acute angle between the two lines, the answer to this problem is $\boxed{80^{\circ}}$

~Solution by $BladeRunnerAUG$ (Frank FYC)

Video Solution by Richard Rusczyk

https://artofproblemsolving.com/videos/amc/2018amc12a/473

~ dolphin7

2018 AMC 12A (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by Problem 22	Followed by Problem 24
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