Difference between revisions of "2006 AIME I Problems/Problem 13"
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so <math> S_n=\sum_{k=1}^{2^{n-1}}g(2k). = \sum_{k=1}^{2^{n-1}}2g(k) = 2\sum_{k=1}^{2^{n-1}}g(k) = 2\sum_{k=1}^{2^{n-2}} g(2k-1)+g(2k).</math> | so <math> S_n=\sum_{k=1}^{2^{n-1}}g(2k). = \sum_{k=1}^{2^{n-1}}2g(k) = 2\sum_{k=1}^{2^{n-1}}g(k) = 2\sum_{k=1}^{2^{n-2}} g(2k-1)+g(2k).</math> | ||
<math>2k-1</math> must be odd so this reduces to <math>2\sum_{k=1}^{2^{n-2}}1+g(2k) = 2(2^{n-2}+\sum_{k=1}^{2^n-2}g(2k)).</math> Thus <math>S_n=2(2^{n-2}+S_{n-1})=2^{n-1}+2S_{n-1}.</math> Further noting that <math>S_0=1</math> we can see that <math>S_n=2^{n-1}\cdot (n-1)+2^n\cdot S_0=2^{n-1}\cdot (n-1)+2^{n-1}\cdot2=2^{n-1}\cdot (n+1). </math> which is the same as above. To simplify the process of finding the largest square <math>S_n</math> we can note that if <math>n-1</math> is odd then <math>n+1</math> must be exactly divisible by an odd power of <math>2</math>. However, this means <math>n+1</math> is even but it cannot be. Thus <math>n-1</math> is even and <math>n+1</math> is a large even square. The largest even square <math>< 1000</math> is <math>900</math> so <math>n+1= 900 => n= \boxed{899}</math> | <math>2k-1</math> must be odd so this reduces to <math>2\sum_{k=1}^{2^{n-2}}1+g(2k) = 2(2^{n-2}+\sum_{k=1}^{2^n-2}g(2k)).</math> Thus <math>S_n=2(2^{n-2}+S_{n-1})=2^{n-1}+2S_{n-1}.</math> Further noting that <math>S_0=1</math> we can see that <math>S_n=2^{n-1}\cdot (n-1)+2^n\cdot S_0=2^{n-1}\cdot (n-1)+2^{n-1}\cdot2=2^{n-1}\cdot (n+1). </math> which is the same as above. To simplify the process of finding the largest square <math>S_n</math> we can note that if <math>n-1</math> is odd then <math>n+1</math> must be exactly divisible by an odd power of <math>2</math>. However, this means <math>n+1</math> is even but it cannot be. Thus <math>n-1</math> is even and <math>n+1</math> is a large even square. The largest even square <math>< 1000</math> is <math>900</math> so <math>n+1= 900 => n= \boxed{899}</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Solution 3 (Finding patterns and using recursion) == | ||
+ | |||
+ | At first, this problem looks kind of daunting, but we can easily solve this problem by [u]finding patterns[/u] and [u]algebraic manipulations.[/u] | ||
+ | |||
+ | We first simplify all the messy notation in the <math>S_n</math> term. Note that the problem asks us to find the smallest value of <math>n<1000</math> such that there exists an integer <math>k</math> that satisfies | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>k^2 = g(2) + g(4) + \cdots + g(2^n)</cmath>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since there is no obvious way to approach this problem, we start by experimenting with small values of <math>n</math> to evaluate some <math>S_n</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | We play with these values: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_1 = g(2) = 2</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_2 = g(2) + g(4) = 2+4 = 6</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_3 = g(2) + g(4) + g(6) + g(8) = 16</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_4 = g(2) + g(4) + g(6) + g(8) + g(10) +g(12)+g(14)+g(16) = 40</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | We are certainly not going to expand all of this out... so let's look for patterns from these <math>4</math> values! | ||
+ | |||
+ | Using a little bit of ingenuity, we note that | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_2 = 2+4 = S_1 + 4</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_3 = 2+4+2+8 = 8+8 = S_2 + S_1 + 8</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_4 = 2+4+2+8+2+4+2+16 = S_3 + S_2 + S_1 + 16</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Aha! We see powers of two in each of our terms! Therefore, we can say that | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_2 = S_1 + 2^2</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_3 = S_2+S_1 + 2^3</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_4 = S_3 + S_2 + S_1 + 2^4</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | [b]We have a recursion![/b] Realistically, we would want to prove that the recursion works, but I currently don't know how to prove it. I will add a proof in the future when I have acquired enough number theory skills. | ||
+ | |||
+ | On the actual AIME, go with whatever patterns you see, because most likely those are the patterns that the test-takers want the students to see. | ||
+ | |||
+ | So we may generalize a formula for <math>S_n</math>: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_n = 2^n + S_{n-1} + S_{n-2} + \cdots + S_2 + S_1</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Uh oh... this formula is not in closed form. Looks like we'll have to use our recursion to develop one manually. We do so by using our recursion for <math>S_{n-1}</math>: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_n = 2^n + (2^{n-1} + S_{n-2} + S_{n-3} + \cdots + S_2 + S_1) + S_{n-2} + S_{n-3} + \cdots + S_2 + S_1</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_n = 2^n + 2^{n-1} + 2 (S_{n-2} + S_{n-3} + \cdots + S_2 + S_1</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Let's simplify a bit further, where we use our recursion for <math>S_{n-2}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_n = 2^n + 2^{n-1} +(2S_{n-2}) + 2(S_{n-3} + S_{n-4} + \cdots + S_2 + S_1)</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_n = 2^n + 2^{n-1} + 2(2^{n-2}) + 2(S_{n-3} + S_{n-4} + \cdots + S_2 + S_1) + 2(S_{n-3} + S_{n-4} + \cdots + S_2 + S_1)</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_n = 2^n + 2^{n-1} + 2^{n-1} + 4(S_{n-3} + S_{n-4} + \cdots + S_2 + S_1)</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | We now see a pattern! Using the exact same logic, we can condense this whole messy thing into a closed form: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_n = 2^n + \underbrace{2^{n-1}}_{n-2} + 2^{n-2}(S_1)</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_n = 2^n + 2^{n-1}(n-2) + 2^{n-1}</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_n = 2^n + 2^{n-1}(n-1)</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_n = 2^{n-1}(2 + (n-1)</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <cmath>S_n = 2^{n-1}(n+1)</cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | We have our closed form, so now we can find the largest value of <math>n</math> such that <math>S_n</math> is a perfect square. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In order for <math>S_n</math> to be a perfect square, we must have <math>n-1</math> even and <math>n+1</math> be a perfect square. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since <math>n<1000</math>, we have <math>n+1 < 1001</math>. We first try <math>n+1 = 31^2 = 961</math>(since it is the smallest square below <math>1000</math>, which gives us <math>n=960</math>. But <math>n-1</math> isn't even, so we discard this value. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Next, we try the second smallest value, which is <math>n = 30^2 = 900</math>, which tells us that <math>n=899</math>. <math>n-1</math> is indeed even, and <math>n+1</math> is a perfect square, so the largest value of <math>n</math> such that <math>S_n</math> is a perfect square is <math>899</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Our answer is <math>\boxed{899}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | -FIREDRAGONMATH16 | ||
== See also == | == See also == |
Revision as of 23:40, 23 May 2021
Contents
[hide]Problem
For each even positive integer , let denote the greatest power of 2 that divides For example, and For each positive integer let Find the greatest integer less than 1000 such that is a perfect square.
Solution 1
Given , consider . Define . There are elements of that are divisible by , elements of that are divisible by but not by and elements of that are divisible by but not by .
Thus Let be the highest power of that divides . Thus by the above formula, the highest power of that divides is . For to be a perfect square, must be even. If is odd, then is even, hence is odd, and cannot be a perfect square. Hence must be even. In particular, as , we have five choices for , namely .
If , then is odd, so is odd, hence the largest power of dividing has an odd exponent, so is not a perfect square.
In the other cases, note that is even, so the highest power of dividing will be a perfect square. In particular, will be a perfect square if and only if is an odd perfect square.
If , then implies that , so we have .
If , then implies that , so .
If , then implies that , so .
If , then implies that , so .
Comparing the largest term in each case, we find that the maximum possible such that is a perfect square is .
Solution 2
First note that if is odd and if is even. so must be odd so this reduces to Thus Further noting that we can see that which is the same as above. To simplify the process of finding the largest square we can note that if is odd then must be exactly divisible by an odd power of . However, this means is even but it cannot be. Thus is even and is a large even square. The largest even square is so
Solution 3 (Finding patterns and using recursion)
At first, this problem looks kind of daunting, but we can easily solve this problem by [u]finding patterns[/u] and [u]algebraic manipulations.[/u]
We first simplify all the messy notation in the term. Note that the problem asks us to find the smallest value of such that there exists an integer that satisfies
.
Since there is no obvious way to approach this problem, we start by experimenting with small values of to evaluate some .
We play with these values:
We are certainly not going to expand all of this out... so let's look for patterns from these values!
Using a little bit of ingenuity, we note that
Aha! We see powers of two in each of our terms! Therefore, we can say that
[b]We have a recursion![/b] Realistically, we would want to prove that the recursion works, but I currently don't know how to prove it. I will add a proof in the future when I have acquired enough number theory skills.
On the actual AIME, go with whatever patterns you see, because most likely those are the patterns that the test-takers want the students to see.
So we may generalize a formula for :
Uh oh... this formula is not in closed form. Looks like we'll have to use our recursion to develop one manually. We do so by using our recursion for :
Let's simplify a bit further, where we use our recursion for .
We now see a pattern! Using the exact same logic, we can condense this whole messy thing into a closed form:
We have our closed form, so now we can find the largest value of such that is a perfect square.
In order for to be a perfect square, we must have even and be a perfect square.
Since , we have . We first try (since it is the smallest square below , which gives us . But isn't even, so we discard this value.
Next, we try the second smallest value, which is , which tells us that . is indeed even, and is a perfect square, so the largest value of such that is a perfect square is .
Our answer is .
-FIREDRAGONMATH16
See also
2006 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 12 |
Followed by Problem 14 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 | ||
All AIME Problems and Solutions |
The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.