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Difference between revisions of "Pythagorean Theorem"

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The '''Pythagorean Theorem''' states that for all [[right triangle|right triangles]], <math>{a}^{2}+{b}^{2}={c}^{2}</math>, where c is the [[hypotenuse]], and a and b are the legs of the right triangle. This theorem is a classic to prove, and hundreds of proofs have been published. The Pythagorean Theorem is one of the most frequently used theorem in geometry, and is one of the many tools in a good geometer's arsenal.
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The '''Pythagorean Theorem''' states that for a [[right triangle]] with legs of length <math>a</math> and <math>b</math> and [[hypotenuse]] of length <math>c</math> we have the relationship <math>{a}^{2}+{b}^{2}={c}^{2}</math>. This theorem has been know since antiquity and is a classic to prove; hundreds of proofs have been published and many can be demonstrated entirely visually(the book ''The Pythagorean Proposition'' alone consists of more than 370). The Pythagorean Theorem is one of the most frequently used theorems in [[geometry]], and is one of the many tools in a good geometer's arsenal. A very large number of geometry problems can be solved by building right triangles and applying the Pythagorean Theorem.  
  
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This is generalized by the [[Pythagorean Inequality]] (See [[Geometric inequalities]]) and the [[Law of cosines]].
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This is generalized by the [[Geometric inequality#Pythagorean_Inequality | Pythagorean Inequality]] and the [[Law of Cosines]].
 +
 
 +
== Proofs ==
 +
 
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In these proofs, we will let <math>ABC </math> be any right triangle with a right angle at <math>\angle ACB</math>.
 +
 
 +
=== Proof 1 ===
 +
 
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We use <math>[ABC] </math> to denote the area of triangle <math>ABC </math>.
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Let <math>H </math> be the perpendicular to side <math>AB </math> from <math>{} C </math>.
 +
 
 +
<center>
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<asy>
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pair A, B, C, H;
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A = (0, 0);
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B = (4, 3);
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C = (4, 0);
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H = foot(C, A, B);
 +
 
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draw(A--B--C--cycle);
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draw(C--H);
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draw(rightanglemark(A, C, B));
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draw(rightanglemark(C, H, B));
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label("$A$", A, SSW);
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label("$B$", B, ENE);
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label("$C$", C, SE);
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label("$H$", H, NNW);
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</asy>
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</center>
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Since <math>ABC, CBH, ACH</math> are similar right triangles, and the areas of similar triangles are proportional to the squares of corresponding side lengths,
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<center>
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<math> \frac{[ABC]}{AB^2} = \frac{[CBH]}{CB^2} = \frac{[ACH]}{AC^2} </math>.
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</center>
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But since triangle <math>ABC </math> is composed of triangles <math>CBH </math> and <math>ACH </math>, <math>[ABC] = [CBH] + [ACH] </math>, so <math>AB^2 = CB^2 + AC^2 </math>.  {{Halmos}}
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=== Proof 2 ===
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Consider a circle <math>\omega </math> with center <math>B </math> and radius <math>BC </math>.  Since <math>BC </math> and <math>AC </math> are perpendicular, <math>AC </math> is tangent to <math>\omega </math>.  Let the line <math>AB </math> meet <math>\omega </math> at <math>Y </math> and <math>X </math>, as shown in the diagram:
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<center>[[Image:Pyth2.png]]</center>
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Evidently, <math>AY = AB - BC </math> and <math>AX = AB + BC </math>.  By considering the [[Power of a Point | power of point]] <math>A </math> with respect to <math>\omega </math>, we see
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<center>
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<math>AC^2 = AY \cdot AX = (AB-BC)(AB+BC) = AB^2 - BC^2 </math>.  {{Halmos}}
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</center>
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=== Proof 3 ===
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<math>ABCD</math> and <math>EFGH</math> are squares.
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<center>
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<asy>
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pair A, B,C,D;
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A = (-10,10);
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B = (10,10);
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C = (10,-10);
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D = (-10,-10);
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pair E,F,G,H;
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E = (7,10);
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F = (10, -7);
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G = (-7, -10);
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H = (-10, 7);
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draw(A--B--C--D--cycle);
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label("$A$", A, NNW);
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label("$B$", B, ENE);
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label("$C$", C, ESE);
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label("$D$", D, SSW);
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draw(E--F--G--H--cycle);
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label("$E$", E, N);
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label("$F$", F,SE);
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label("$G$", G, S);
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label("$H$", H, W);
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label("a", A--B,N);
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label("a", B--F,SE);
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label("a", C--G,S);
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label("a", H--D,W);
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label("b", E--B,N);
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label("b", F--C,SE);
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label("b", G--D,S);
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label("b", A--H,W);
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label("c", E--H,NW);
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label("c", E--F);
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label("c", F--G,SE);
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label("c", G--H,SW);
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</asy>
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</center>
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<math>(a+b)^2=c^2+4\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right)\implies a^2+2ab+b^2=c^2+2ab\implies a^2 + b^2=c^2</math>. {{Halmos}}
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== Common Pythagorean Triples ==
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A [[Pythagorean Triple]] is a [[set]] of 3 [[positive integer]]s such that <math>a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}</math>, i.e. the 3 numbers can be the lengths of the sides of a right triangle.  Among these, the [[Primitive Pythagorean Triple]]s, those in which the three numbers have no common [[divisor]], are most interesting.  A few of them are:
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<cmath>3-4-5</cmath>
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<cmath>5-12-13</cmath>
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<cmath>7-24-25</cmath>
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<cmath>8-15-17</cmath>
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<cmath>9-40-41</cmath>
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<cmath>12-35-37</cmath>
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<cmath>20-21-29</cmath>
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<cmath>11-60-61</cmath>
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Also Pythagorean Triples can be created with the a Pythagorean triple by multiplying the lengths by any integer.
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For example,
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<cmath>6-8-10 = (3-4-5)*2</cmath>
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<cmath>21-72-75 = (7-24-25)*3</cmath>
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<cmath>10-24-26 = (5-12-13)*2</cmath>
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Note that (-1,0,1) and (3,4,5) are the only pythagoren triplets that consist of consecutive integers.
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Also, if (a,b,c) are a pythagorean triplet it follows that (ka,kb,kc) will also form a pythagorean triplet for any constant k.
 +
 
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k can also be imaginary.
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 +
== Problems ==
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=== Introductory ===
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* [[2006_AIME_I_Problems/Problem_1 | 2006 AIME I Problem 1]]
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* [[2007 AMC 12A Problems/Problem 10 | 2007 AMC 12A Problem 10]]
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=== Sample Problem ===
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Right triangle <math>ABC</math> has legs of length <math>333</math> and <math>444</math>. Find the hypotenuse of <math>ABC</math>.
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==== Solution 1 (Bash) ====
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<math>\sqrt{333^2 + 444^2} = 555</math>.
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==== Solution 2 (Using 3-4-5) ====
 +
We see <math>333-444</math> looks like the legs of a <math>3-4-5</math> right triangle with a multiplication factor of 111. Thus <math>5*111 = 555</math>.
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 +
=== Another Problem ===
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Right triangle <math>ABC</math> has side lengths of <math>3</math> and <math>4</math>. Find the sum of all the possible hypotenuses.
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==== Solution (Casework) ====
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Case 1:
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3 and 4 are the legs. Then 5 is the hypotenuse.
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Case 2:
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3 is a leg and 4 is the hypotenuse.
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There are no more cases as the hypotenuse has to be greater than the leg.
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This makes the sum <math>4+5=9</math>.
 +
 
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== External links ==
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*[http://www.cut-the-knot.org/pythagoras/index.shtml 122 proofs of the Pythagorean Theorem]
 +
 
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[[Category:Geometry]]
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[[Category:Theorems]]

Latest revision as of 22:03, 5 October 2024

The Pythagorean Theorem states that for a right triangle with legs of length $a$ and $b$ and hypotenuse of length $c$ we have the relationship ${a}^{2}+{b}^{2}={c}^{2}$. This theorem has been know since antiquity and is a classic to prove; hundreds of proofs have been published and many can be demonstrated entirely visually(the book The Pythagorean Proposition alone consists of more than 370). The Pythagorean Theorem is one of the most frequently used theorems in geometry, and is one of the many tools in a good geometer's arsenal. A very large number of geometry problems can be solved by building right triangles and applying the Pythagorean Theorem.

This is generalized by the Pythagorean Inequality and the Law of Cosines.

Proofs

In these proofs, we will let $ABC$ be any right triangle with a right angle at $\angle ACB$.

Proof 1

We use $[ABC]$ to denote the area of triangle $ABC$.

Let $H$ be the perpendicular to side $AB$ from ${} C$.

[asy] pair A, B, C, H; A = (0, 0); B = (4, 3); C = (4, 0); H = foot(C, A, B); draw(A--B--C--cycle); draw(C--H); draw(rightanglemark(A, C, B)); draw(rightanglemark(C, H, B)); label("$A$", A, SSW); label("$B$", B, ENE); label("$C$", C, SE); label("$H$", H, NNW); [/asy]

Since $ABC, CBH, ACH$ are similar right triangles, and the areas of similar triangles are proportional to the squares of corresponding side lengths,

$\frac{[ABC]}{AB^2} = \frac{[CBH]}{CB^2} = \frac{[ACH]}{AC^2}$.

But since triangle $ABC$ is composed of triangles $CBH$ and $ACH$, $[ABC] = [CBH] + [ACH]$, so $AB^2 = CB^2 + AC^2$. ∎

Proof 2

Consider a circle $\omega$ with center $B$ and radius $BC$. Since $BC$ and $AC$ are perpendicular, $AC$ is tangent to $\omega$. Let the line $AB$ meet $\omega$ at $Y$ and $X$, as shown in the diagram:

Pyth2.png

Evidently, $AY = AB - BC$ and $AX = AB + BC$. By considering the power of point $A$ with respect to $\omega$, we see

$AC^2 = AY \cdot AX = (AB-BC)(AB+BC) = AB^2 - BC^2$. ∎

Proof 3

$ABCD$ and $EFGH$ are squares.

[asy] pair A, B,C,D; A = (-10,10); B = (10,10); C = (10,-10); D = (-10,-10); pair E,F,G,H; E = (7,10); F = (10, -7); G = (-7, -10); H = (-10, 7); draw(A--B--C--D--cycle); label("$A$", A, NNW); label("$B$", B, ENE); label("$C$", C, ESE); label("$D$", D, SSW); draw(E--F--G--H--cycle); label("$E$", E, N); label("$F$", F,SE); label("$G$", G, S); label("$H$", H, W); label("a", A--B,N); label("a", B--F,SE); label("a", C--G,S); label("a", H--D,W); label("b", E--B,N); label("b", F--C,SE); label("b", G--D,S); label("b", A--H,W); label("c", E--H,NW); label("c", E--F); label("c", F--G,SE); label("c", G--H,SW); [/asy]

$(a+b)^2=c^2+4\left(\frac{1}{2}ab\right)\implies a^2+2ab+b^2=c^2+2ab\implies a^2 + b^2=c^2$. ∎

Common Pythagorean Triples

A Pythagorean Triple is a set of 3 positive integers such that $a^{2}+b^{2}=c^{2}$, i.e. the 3 numbers can be the lengths of the sides of a right triangle. Among these, the Primitive Pythagorean Triples, those in which the three numbers have no common divisor, are most interesting. A few of them are:

\[3-4-5\] \[5-12-13\] \[7-24-25\] \[8-15-17\] \[9-40-41\] \[12-35-37\] \[20-21-29\] \[11-60-61\]


Also Pythagorean Triples can be created with the a Pythagorean triple by multiplying the lengths by any integer. For example, \[6-8-10 = (3-4-5)*2\] \[21-72-75 = (7-24-25)*3\] \[10-24-26 = (5-12-13)*2\] Note that (-1,0,1) and (3,4,5) are the only pythagoren triplets that consist of consecutive integers.

Also, if (a,b,c) are a pythagorean triplet it follows that (ka,kb,kc) will also form a pythagorean triplet for any constant k.

k can also be imaginary.

Problems

Introductory

Sample Problem

Right triangle $ABC$ has legs of length $333$ and $444$. Find the hypotenuse of $ABC$.

Solution 1 (Bash)

$\sqrt{333^2 + 444^2} = 555$.

Solution 2 (Using 3-4-5)

We see $333-444$ looks like the legs of a $3-4-5$ right triangle with a multiplication factor of 111. Thus $5*111 = 555$.

Another Problem

Right triangle $ABC$ has side lengths of $3$ and $4$. Find the sum of all the possible hypotenuses.

Solution (Casework)

Case 1:

3 and 4 are the legs. Then 5 is the hypotenuse.

Case 2:

3 is a leg and 4 is the hypotenuse.

There are no more cases as the hypotenuse has to be greater than the leg.

This makes the sum $4+5=9$.

External links

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