Difference between revisions of "2016 AMC 12B Problems/Problem 14"
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==Solution 1== | ==Solution 1== | ||
The sum of the geometric sequence is <math>\frac{a}{1 - r}</math> where <math>a</math> is the first term and <math>r</math> is the common ratio. We know the second term, <math>ar,</math> is equal to <math>1.</math> Thus <math>ar = 1 \Rightarrow a = \frac{1}{r}.</math> This means, | The sum of the geometric sequence is <math>\frac{a}{1 - r}</math> where <math>a</math> is the first term and <math>r</math> is the common ratio. We know the second term, <math>ar,</math> is equal to <math>1.</math> Thus <math>ar = 1 \Rightarrow a = \frac{1}{r}.</math> This means, | ||
− | < | + | <cmath>S = \frac{a}{1 - r} = \frac{1/r}{1 - r} = \frac{r(1 - r)}.</cmath> |
− | In order to minimize < | + | In order to minimize <math>S,</math> we maximize the denominator. By AM-GM, |
<cmath>\frac{(r) + (1 - r)}{2} \ge \sqrt{r(1-r)} \Rightarrow \frac{1}{4} \ge r(1-r).</cmath> | <cmath>\frac{(r) + (1 - r)}{2} \ge \sqrt{r(1-r)} \Rightarrow \frac{1}{4} \ge r(1-r).</cmath> | ||
− | Equality occurs at < | + | Equality occurs at <math>r = 1-r \Rightarrow r = \frac{1}{2}.</math> This gives the minimum value of <math>S</math> as <math>\frac{\frac{1}{1/2}}{1 - \frac{1}{2}} = \boxed{(E)~4}.</math> |
==Solution 2== | ==Solution 2== | ||
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<cmath>a,ar,ar^2,ar^3,\dots</cmath> | <cmath>a,ar,ar^2,ar^3,\dots</cmath> | ||
− | and they say that the second term < | + | and they say that the second term <math>ar=1</math>. You should know that the sum of an infinite geometric series (denoted by <math>S</math> here) is <math>\frac{a}{1-r}</math>. We now have a system of equations which allows us to find <math>S</math> in one variable. |
<cmath> | <cmath> | ||
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</cmath> | </cmath> | ||
− | < | + | <math>\textbf{Solving in terms of \textit{a} then graphing}</math> |
<cmath>S=\frac{a^2}{a-1}</cmath> | <cmath>S=\frac{a^2}{a-1}</cmath> | ||
− | We seek the smallest positive value of < | + | We seek the smallest positive value of <math>S</math>. We proceed by graphing in the <math>aS</math> plane (if you want to be rigorous, only stop graphing when you know all the rest you didn't graph is just the approaching of asymptotes and infinities) and find the answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E)}\ 4}.</math> |
− | < | + | <math>\textbf{Solving in terms of \textit{r} then graphing}</math> |
<cmath>S=\frac{1}{-r^2+r}</cmath> | <cmath>S=\frac{1}{-r^2+r}</cmath> | ||
− | We seek the smallest positive value of < | + | We seek the smallest positive value of <math>S</math>. We proceed by graphing in the <math>rS</math> plane (if you want to be rigorous, only stop graphing when you know all the rest you didn't graph is just the approaching of asymptotes and infinities) and find the answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E)}\ 4}.</math> |
− | < | + | <math>\textbf{Solving in terms of \textit{a} then doing some calculus}</math> |
<cmath>S=\frac{a^2}{a-1}</cmath> | <cmath>S=\frac{a^2}{a-1}</cmath> | ||
− | We seek the smallest positive value of < | + | We seek the smallest positive value of <math>S</math>. <math>\frac{(a-2)a}{(a-1)^2}=S'</math> and <math>\frac{(a-2)a}{(a-1)^2}=0</math> at <math>a=0</math> and <math>a=2</math>. <math>\frac{2}{(a-1)^3}=S''</math> and <math>\frac{2}{(0-1)^3}</math> is negative (implying a relative maximum occurs at <math>a=0</math>) and <math>\frac{2}{(2-1)^3}</math> is positive (implying a relative minimum occurs at <math>a=2</math>). At <math>a=2</math>, <math>S=4</math>. Since this a competition math problem with an answer, we know this relative minimum must also be the absolute minimum among the "positive parts" of <math>S</math> and that our answer is indeed <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E)}\ 4}.</math> However, to be sure of this outside of this cop-out, one can analyze the end behavior of <math>S</math>, how <math>S</math> behaves at its asymptotes, and the locations of its maxima and minima relative to the asymptotes to be sure that 4 is the absolute minimum among the "positive parts" of <math>S</math>. |
− | < | + | <math>\textbf{Solving in terms of \textit{r} then being clever}</math> |
<cmath>S=\frac{1}{-r^2+r}</cmath> | <cmath>S=\frac{1}{-r^2+r}</cmath> | ||
− | We seek the smallest positive value of < | + | We seek the smallest positive value of <math>S</math>. We could use calculus like we did in the solution immediately above this one, but that's a lot of work and we don't have a ton of time. To minimize the positive value of this fraction, we must maximize the denominator. The denominator is a quadratic that opens down, so its maximum occurs at its vertex. The vertex of this quadratic occurs at <math>x=\frac{1}{2}</math> and <math>\frac{1}{-(\frac{1}{2})^2+\frac{1}{2}}=\boxed{\textbf{(E)}\ 4}</math>. |
==Solution 3== | ==Solution 3== | ||
<cmath>\textbf{Completing the Square and Quadratics}</cmath> | <cmath>\textbf{Completing the Square and Quadratics}</cmath> | ||
− | Let < | + | Let <math>r</math> be the common ratio. If the second term is <math>1</math>, the first must be <math>\frac{1}{r}</math>. By the infinite geometric series formula, the sum must be <cmath>S=\frac{\frac{1}{r}}{1-r}</cmath> This equals <math>\frac{1}{r(1-r)}</math>. To find the minimum value of S, we must find the maximum value of the denominator, <math>r(1-r)</math>, which is <math>\frac{1}{4}</math>, completing the square. Thus, the minimum value of <math>S</math> is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(E)}\ 4}</math>. |
==Solution 4 (no AM-GM or Calculus)== | ==Solution 4 (no AM-GM or Calculus)== | ||
− | Our sequence is < | + | Our sequence is <math>a_1,1,...</math>. Since we know this is a converging series, our ratio is in <math>(0,1)</math>. Because the 2nd term in the sequence is a 1, the ratio must be <math>\frac{1}{a_1}</math>, so we can write <math>S</math> as <math>\frac{a_1}{1-\frac{1}{a_1}}</math>. With some manipulation we get <math>S=\frac{1}{a_1-1}</math>. Since S has to be a "positive number," we come to think <math>a_1</math> is <math>2</math> (makes S positive & we know a sequence/series of a ratio <math>1/2</math> is definitely convergent). So our sequence is <math>2,1,1/2,1,4,...</math>, <math>2+1+1=\boxed{\textbf{(E)}\ 4}</math>. |
-thedodecagon | -thedodecagon | ||
Revision as of 22:32, 9 August 2021
Contents
Problem
The sum of an infinite geometric series is a positive number , and the second term in the series is . What is the smallest possible value of
Solution
The second term in a geometric series is , where is the common ratio for the series and is the first term of the series. So we know that and we wish to find the minimum value of the infinite sum of the series. We know that: and substituting in , we get that . From here, you can either use calculus or AM-GM.
Let , then . Since and are undefined . This means that we only need to find where the derivative equals , meaning . So , meaning that
For 2 positive real numbers and , . Let and . Then: . This implies that . or . Rearranging : . Thus, the smallest value is .
Solution 1
The sum of the geometric sequence is where is the first term and is the common ratio. We know the second term, is equal to Thus This means, In order to minimize we maximize the denominator. By AM-GM, Equality occurs at This gives the minimum value of as
Solution 2
A geometric sequence always looks like
and they say that the second term . You should know that the sum of an infinite geometric series (denoted by here) is . We now have a system of equations which allows us to find in one variable.
We seek the smallest positive value of . We proceed by graphing in the plane (if you want to be rigorous, only stop graphing when you know all the rest you didn't graph is just the approaching of asymptotes and infinities) and find the answer is
We seek the smallest positive value of . We proceed by graphing in the plane (if you want to be rigorous, only stop graphing when you know all the rest you didn't graph is just the approaching of asymptotes and infinities) and find the answer is
We seek the smallest positive value of . and at and . and is negative (implying a relative maximum occurs at ) and is positive (implying a relative minimum occurs at ). At , . Since this a competition math problem with an answer, we know this relative minimum must also be the absolute minimum among the "positive parts" of and that our answer is indeed However, to be sure of this outside of this cop-out, one can analyze the end behavior of , how behaves at its asymptotes, and the locations of its maxima and minima relative to the asymptotes to be sure that 4 is the absolute minimum among the "positive parts" of .
We seek the smallest positive value of . We could use calculus like we did in the solution immediately above this one, but that's a lot of work and we don't have a ton of time. To minimize the positive value of this fraction, we must maximize the denominator. The denominator is a quadratic that opens down, so its maximum occurs at its vertex. The vertex of this quadratic occurs at and .
Solution 3
Let be the common ratio. If the second term is , the first must be . By the infinite geometric series formula, the sum must be This equals . To find the minimum value of S, we must find the maximum value of the denominator, , which is , completing the square. Thus, the minimum value of is .
Solution 4 (no AM-GM or Calculus)
Our sequence is . Since we know this is a converging series, our ratio is in . Because the 2nd term in the sequence is a 1, the ratio must be , so we can write as . With some manipulation we get . Since S has to be a "positive number," we come to think is (makes S positive & we know a sequence/series of a ratio is definitely convergent). So our sequence is , . -thedodecagon
See Also
2016 AMC 12B (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | |
Preceded by Problem 13 |
Followed by Problem 15 |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 | |
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions |
The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.