Difference between revisions of "2022 AIME I Problems/Problem 13"

Revision as of 15:44, 31 December 2023

Problem

Let $S$ be the set of all rational numbers that can be expressed as a repeating decimal in the form $0.\overline{abcd},$ where at least one of the digits $a,$ $b,$ $c,$ or $d$ is nonzero. Let $N$ be the number of distinct numerators obtained when numbers in $S$ are written as fractions in lowest terms. For example, both $4$ and $410$ are counted among the distinct numerators for numbers in $S$ because $0.\overline{3636} = \frac{4}{11}$ and $0.\overline{1230} = \frac{410}{3333}.$ Find the remainder when $N$ is divided by $1000.$

Solution

$0.\overline{abcd}=\frac{abcd}{9999} = \frac{x}{y}$ , $9999=9\times 11\times 101$ .

Then we need to find the number of positive integers $x$ that (with one of more $y$ such that $y|9999$ ) can meet the requirement $1 \leq {x}\cdot\frac{9999}{y} \leq 9999$ .

Make cases by factors of $x$ . (A venn diagram of cases would be nice here.)

Case $A$ :

$3 \nmid x$ and $11 \nmid x$ and $101 \nmid x$ , aka $\gcd (9999, x)=1$ .

Euler's totient function counts these: $\varphi \left(3^2 \cdot 11 \cdot 101 \right) = ((3-1)\cdot 3)(11-1)(101-1)= \bf{6000}$ values (but it's enough to note that it's a multiple of 1000 and thus does not contribute to the final answer)

Note: You don't need to know this formula. The remaining cases essentially re-derive the same computation for other factors of $9999$ . This case isn't actually different.

The remaining cases have $3$ (or $9$ ), $11$ , and/or $101$ as factors of $abcd$ , which cancel out part of $9999$ . Note: Take care about when to use $3$ vs $9$ .

Case $B$ : $3|x$ , but $11 \nmid x$ and $101 \nmid x$ .

Then $abcd=9x$ to leave 3 uncancelled, and $x=3p$ , so $x \leq \frac{9999}{9} = 1111$ , giving:

$x \in 3 \cdot \{1, \dots \left\lfloor \frac{1111}{3}\right\rfloor\}$ ,

$x \notin (3\cdot 11) \cdot \{1 \dots \left\lfloor \frac{1111}{3\cdot 11}\right\rfloor\}$ ,

$x \notin (3 \cdot 101) \cdot \{1 \dots \left\lfloor \frac{1111}{3 \cdot 101}\right\rfloor\}$ ,

for a subtotal of $\left\lfloor \frac{1111}{3}\right\rfloor - (\left\lfloor\frac{1111}{3 \cdot 11}\right\rfloor + \left\lfloor\frac{1111}{3 \cdot 101}\right\rfloor ) = 370 - (33+3) = \bf{334}$ values.

Case $C$ : $11|x$ , but $3 \nmid x$ and $101 \nmid x$ .

Much like previous case, $abcd$ is $11x$ , so $x \leq \frac{9999}{11} = 909$ ,

giving $\left\lfloor \frac{909}{11}\right\rfloor - \left(\left\lfloor\frac{909}{11 \cdot 3}\right\rfloor + \left\lfloor\frac{909}{11 \cdot 101}\right\rfloor \right) = 82 - (27 + 0) = \bf{55}$ values.

Case $D$ : $3|x$ and $11|x$ (so $33|x$ ), but $101 \nmid x$ .

Here, $abcd$ is $99x$ , so $x \leq \frac{9999}{99} = 101$ ,

giving $\left\lfloor \frac{101}{33}\right\rfloor - \left\lfloor \frac{101}{33 \cdot 101}\right\rfloor = 3-0 = \bf{3}$ values.

Case $E$ : $101|x$ .

Here, $abcd$ is $101x$ , so $x \leq \frac{9999}{101} = 99$ ,

giving $\left\lfloor \frac{99}{101}\right\rfloor = \bf{0}$ values, so we don't need to account for multiples of $3$ and $11$ .

To sum up, the answer is $6000+334+55+3+0\equiv\boxed{392} \pmod{1000}.$

Clarification

In this context, when the solution says, "Then $abcd=9x$ to leave 3 uncancelled, and $x=3p$ ," it is a bit vague. The best way to clarify this is by this exact example - what is really meant is we need to divide by 9 first to achieve 1111, which has no multiple of 3; thus, given that the fraction x/y is the simplest form, x can be a multiple of 3.

Similar explanations can be said when the solution divides 9999 by 11, 101, and uses that divided result in the PIE calculation rather than 9999.

mathboy282

Video Solution

https://youtu.be/0FZyjuIOHnA

https://MathProblemSolvingSkills.com

@@ Line 63: / Line 63: @@
 ===Clarification===
 In this context, when the solution says, "Then <math>abcd=9x</math> to leave 3 uncancelled, and <math>x=3p</math>," it is a bit vague. The best way to clarify this is by this exact example - what is really meant is we need to divide by 9 first to achieve 1111, which has no multiple of 3; thus, given that the fraction x/y is the simplest form, x can be a multiple of 3.
+Similar explanations can be said when the solution divides 9999 by 11, 101, and uses that divided result in the PIE calculation rather than 9999.
 '''mathboy282'''

2022 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
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