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Difference between revisions of "2020 AMC 12A Problems/Problem 22"

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== Solution 2 (DeMoivre's Formula) ==
 
== Solution 2 (DeMoivre's Formula) ==
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We rewrite
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Note that <math>(2+i) = \sqrt{5} \cdot \left(\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}i \right)</math>. Let <math>\theta = \arctan (1/2)</math>, then, we know that <math>(2+i) = \sqrt{5} \cdot \left( \cos \theta + i\sin \theta \right)</math>, so <math>(2+i)^n = (\cos (n \theta) + i\sin (n\theta))(\sqrt{5})^n</math>. Therefore, <math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{a_nb_n}{7^n} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{\cos(n\theta)\sin(n\theta) (5)^n}{7^n} =</math> <math>\frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=0}^\infty \left( \frac{5}{7}\right)^n \sin (2n\theta) = \frac{1}{2} \text{im} \left( \sum_{n=0}^\infty \left( \frac{5}{7} \right)^ne^{2i\theta n} \right)</math>. Aha <math>\sum_{n=0}^\infty \left( \frac{5}{7} \right)^ne^{2i\theta n} </math> is a geometric sequence that evaluates to <math>\frac{1}{1-\frac{5}{7}e^{2\theta i}}</math>. We can quickly see that <math>\sin(2\theta) = 2 \cdot \sin \theta \cdot \cos \theta = 2 \cdot \frac{2}{\sqrt{5}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}} = \frac{4}{5}</math>. <math>\cos (2\theta) = \cos^2 \theta - \sin^2 \theta = \frac{4}{5}-\frac{1}{5} = \frac{3}{5}</math>. Therefore, <math>\frac{1}{1-\frac{5}{7}e^{2\theta i}} = \frac{1}{1 - \frac{5}{7}\left( \frac{3}{5} + \frac{4}{5}i\right)} = \frac{7}{8} + \frac{7}{8}i</math>. The imaginary part is <math>\frac{7}{8}</math>, so our answer is <math>\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{7}{8} = \boxed{\frac{7}{16}}</math>.
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<cmath>(2+i)^n=\left(\sqrt{5}\left(\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}+\frac{i}{\sqrt{5}}\right)\right)^n=5^{\frac{n}{2}}e^{in\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)}=5^{\frac{n}{2}}\left(\cos \left(n\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)+i\sin\left(n\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)\right)\right)</cmath>
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by DeMoivre's Formula. Letting <math>\theta=\tan^{-1}\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)</math>, we know that <math>a_n=5^{\frac{n}{2}}\cos \left(n\theta\right)</math> and <math>b_n=5^{\frac{n}{2}}\sin \left(n\theta\right)</math>. The desired sum then turns into
+
~AopsUser101
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<cmath>\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{a_nb_n}{7^n}=\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\left(\frac{5}{7}\right)^n\cos\left(n\theta\right)\sin\left(n\theta\right)</cmath>
 
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<cmath>=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\left(\frac{5}{7}\right)^n\sin\left(2n\theta\right)=\frac{1}{2}\text{Im}\left(\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\left(\frac{5}{7}\right)^ne^{2in\theta}\right)</cmath>
 
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This is now an infinite geometric series! After finding <math>\sin(2\theta)=2\cdot \frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}\cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}=\frac{4}{5}</math>, <math>\cos(2\theta)=\sqrt{1-\sin^2(2\theta)}=\frac{3}{5}</math>, we find
 
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<cmath>S=\frac{1}{2}\text{Im}\left(\frac{1}{1-\frac{5}{7}\cdot e^{2i\theta}}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\text{Im}\left(\frac{1}{1-\frac{3}{7}-\frac{4}{7}i}\right)=\frac{1}{2}\cdot \frac{\frac{4}{7}}{\frac{32}{49}}=\boxed{\textbf{(B) }\frac{7}{16}}</cmath>
 
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~ktong
 
  
 
==See Also==
 
==See Also==

Revision as of 14:21, 19 February 2020

Problem

Let $(a_n)$ and $(b_n)$ be the sequences of real numbers such that \[ (2 + i)^n = a_n + b_ni \]for all integers $n\geq 0$, where $i = \sqrt{-1}$. What is\[\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{a_nb_n}{7^n}\,?\] $\textbf{(A) }\frac 38\qquad\textbf{(B) }\frac7{16}\qquad\textbf{(C) }\frac12\qquad\textbf{(D) }\frac9{16}\qquad\textbf{(E) }\frac47$

Solution 1

Square the given equality to yield \[(3 + 4i)^n = (a_n + b_ni)^2 = (a_n^2 - b_n^2) + 2a_nb_ni,\] so $a_nb_n = \tfrac12\operatorname{Im}((3+4i)^n)$ and \[\sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{a_nb_n}{7^n} = \frac12\operatorname{Im}\left(\sum_{n\geq 0}\frac{(3+4i)^n}{7^n}\right) = \frac12\operatorname{Im}\left(\frac{1}{1 - \frac{3 + 4i}7}\right) = \boxed{\frac 7{16}}.\]

Solution 2 (DeMoivre's Formula)

Note that $(2+i) = \sqrt{5} \cdot \left(\frac{2}{\sqrt{5}} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}i \right)$. Let $\theta = \arctan (1/2)$, then, we know that $(2+i) = \sqrt{5} \cdot \left( \cos \theta + i\sin \theta \right)$, so $(2+i)^n = (\cos (n \theta) + i\sin (n\theta))(\sqrt{5})^n$. Therefore, $\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{a_nb_n}{7^n} = \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{\cos(n\theta)\sin(n\theta) (5)^n}{7^n} =$ $\frac{1}{2}\sum_{n=0}^\infty \left( \frac{5}{7}\right)^n \sin (2n\theta) = \frac{1}{2} \text{im} \left( \sum_{n=0}^\infty \left( \frac{5}{7} \right)^ne^{2i\theta n} \right)$. Aha $\sum_{n=0}^\infty \left( \frac{5}{7} \right)^ne^{2i\theta n}$ is a geometric sequence that evaluates to $\frac{1}{1-\frac{5}{7}e^{2\theta i}}$. We can quickly see that $\sin(2\theta) = 2 \cdot \sin \theta \cdot \cos \theta = 2 \cdot \frac{2}{\sqrt{5}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}} = \frac{4}{5}$. $\cos (2\theta) = \cos^2 \theta - \sin^2 \theta = \frac{4}{5}-\frac{1}{5} = \frac{3}{5}$. Therefore, $\frac{1}{1-\frac{5}{7}e^{2\theta i}} = \frac{1}{1 - \frac{5}{7}\left( \frac{3}{5} + \frac{4}{5}i\right)} = \frac{7}{8} + \frac{7}{8}i$. The imaginary part is $\frac{7}{8}$, so our answer is $\frac{1}{2} \cdot \frac{7}{8} = \boxed{\frac{7}{16}}$.

~AopsUser101

See Also

2020 AMC 12A (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 21 		Followed by
Problem 23
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions

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