Art of Problem Solving
AoPS Online
Math texts, online classes, and more
for students in grades 5-12.
Visit AoPS Online ‚
Books for Grades 5-12 Online Courses
Beast Academy
Engaging math books and online learning
for students ages 6-13.
Visit Beast Academy ‚
Books for Ages 6-13 Beast Academy Online
AoPS Academy
Small live classes for advanced math
and language arts learners in grades 2-12.
Visit AoPS Academy ‚
Find a Physical Campus Visit the Virtual Campus

Difference between revisions of "Nine-point circle"

m
(Removed redirect to Nine point circle)
(Tag: Removed redirect)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
#REDIRECT[[Nine point circle]]
+
[[Image:Euler Line.PNG|thumb|500px|right|    Triangle ''ABC'' with the nine-point circle in light orange]]
 +
 
 +
The '''nine-point circle''' (also known as ''Euler's circle'' or ''Feuerbach's circle'') of a given [[triangle]] is a circle which passes through 9 "significant" points:
 +
* The three feet of the [[altitude]]s of the triangle.
 +
* The three [[midpoint]]s of the [[edge]]s of the triangle.
 +
* The three midpoints of the segments joining the [[vertex | vertices]] of the triangle to its [[orthocenter]].  (These points are sometimes known as the [[Euler point]]s of the triangle.)
 +
 
 +
"The nine-point circle is tangent to the incircle, has a radius equal to half the circumradius, and its center is the midpoint of the segment connecting the orthocenter and the circumcenter."
 +
-hankinjg
 +
 
 +
That such a circle exists is a non-trivial theorem of Euclidean [[geometry]].
 +
 
 +
The center of the nine-point circle is the [[nine-point center]] and is usually denoted <math>N</math>.
 +
 
 +
The nine-point circle is tangent to the [[incircle]], has a radius equal to half the [[circumradius]], and its center is the midpoint of the segment connecting the orthocenter and the [[circumcenter]], upon which the [[centroid]] also falls.
 +
 
 +
It's also denoted Kimberling center <math>X_5</math>.
 +
 
 +
 
 +
==First Proof of Existence==
 +
Since <math>O_c</math> is the midpoint of <math>AB</math> and <math>E_b</math> is the midpoint of <math>BH</math>, <math>O_cE_b</math> is parallel to <math>AH</math>. Using similar logic, we see that <math>O_bE_c</math> is also parallel to <math>AH</math>. Since <math>E_b</math> is the midpoint of <math>HB</math> and <math>E_c</math> is the midpoint of <math>HC</math>, <math>E_bE_c</math> is parallel to <math>BC</math>, which is perpendicular to <math>AH</math>. Similar logic gives us that <math>O_bO_c</math> is perpendicular to <math>AH</math> as well. Therefore <math>O_bO_cE_bE_c</math> is a rectangle, which is a cyclic figure. The diagonals <math>O_bE_b</math> and <math>O_cE_c</math> are diagonals of the circumcircle. Similar logic to the above gives us that <math>O_aO_cE_aE_c</math> is a rectangle with a common diagonal to <math>O_bO_cE_bE_c</math>. Therefore the circumcircles of the two rectangles are identical. We can also gain that rectangle <math>O_aO_bE_aE_b</math> is also on the circle.
 +
 
 +
We now have a circle with the points <math>O_a</math>, <math>O_b</math>, <math>O_c</math>, <math>E_a</math>, <math>E_b</math>, and <math>E_c</math> on it, with diameters <math>O_aE_A</math>, <math>O_bE_b</math>, and <math>O_cE_c</math>. We now note that <math>\angle E_aH_aO_a=\angle E_bH_bO_b=\angle E_cH_cO_c=90^{\circ}</math>. Therefore <math>H_a</math>, <math>H_b</math>, and <math>H_c</math> are also on the circle. We now have a circle with the midpoints of the sides on it, the three midpoints of the segments joining the vertices of the triangle to its orthocenter on it, and the three feet of the altitudes of the triangle on it. Therefore, the nine points are on the circle, and the nine-point circle exists.
 +
 
 +
==Second Proof of Existence==
 +
We know that the reflection of the orthocenter about the sides and about the midpoints of the triangle's sides lie on the circumcircle. Thus, consider the homothety centered at <math>H</math> with ratio <math>{1}/{2}</math>. It maps the circumcircle of <math>\triangle ABC</math> to the nine-point circle, and the vertices of the triangle to its [[Euler point]]s.
 +
Hence proved.
 +
==See also==
 +
*[[Kimberling center]]
 +
*[[Center line]]
 +
*[[Evans point]]
 +
*[[Euler line]]
 +
 
 +
{{stub}}
 +
[[Category:Definition]]

Revision as of 13:47, 8 May 2021

Triangle ABC with the nine-point circle in light orange

The nine-point circle (also known as Euler's circle or Feuerbach's circle) of a given triangle is a circle which passes through 9 "significant" points:

"The nine-point circle is tangent to the incircle, has a radius equal to half the circumradius, and its center is the midpoint of the segment connecting the orthocenter and the circumcenter." -hankinjg

That such a circle exists is a non-trivial theorem of Euclidean geometry.

The center of the nine-point circle is the nine-point center and is usually denoted $N$.

The nine-point circle is tangent to the incircle, has a radius equal to half the circumradius, and its center is the midpoint of the segment connecting the orthocenter and the circumcenter, upon which the centroid also falls.

It's also denoted Kimberling center $X_5$.


First Proof of Existence

Since $O_c$ is the midpoint of $AB$ and $E_b$ is the midpoint of $BH$, $O_cE_b$ is parallel to $AH$. Using similar logic, we see that $O_bE_c$ is also parallel to $AH$. Since $E_b$ is the midpoint of $HB$ and $E_c$ is the midpoint of $HC$, $E_bE_c$ is parallel to $BC$, which is perpendicular to $AH$. Similar logic gives us that $O_bO_c$ is perpendicular to $AH$ as well. Therefore $O_bO_cE_bE_c$ is a rectangle, which is a cyclic figure. The diagonals $O_bE_b$ and $O_cE_c$ are diagonals of the circumcircle. Similar logic to the above gives us that $O_aO_cE_aE_c$ is a rectangle with a common diagonal to $O_bO_cE_bE_c$. Therefore the circumcircles of the two rectangles are identical. We can also gain that rectangle $O_aO_bE_aE_b$ is also on the circle.

We now have a circle with the points $O_a$, $O_b$, $O_c$, $E_a$, $E_b$, and $E_c$ on it, with diameters $O_aE_A$, $O_bE_b$, and $O_cE_c$. We now note that $\angle E_aH_aO_a=\angle E_bH_bO_b=\angle E_cH_cO_c=90^{\circ}$. Therefore $H_a$, $H_b$, and $H_c$ are also on the circle. We now have a circle with the midpoints of the sides on it, the three midpoints of the segments joining the vertices of the triangle to its orthocenter on it, and the three feet of the altitudes of the triangle on it. Therefore, the nine points are on the circle, and the nine-point circle exists.

Second Proof of Existence

We know that the reflection of the orthocenter about the sides and about the midpoints of the triangle's sides lie on the circumcircle. Thus, consider the homothety centered at $H$ with ratio ${1}/{2}$. It maps the circumcircle of $\triangle ABC$ to the nine-point circle, and the vertices of the triangle to its Euler points. Hence proved.

See also

This article is a stub. Help us out by expanding it.

Retrieved from "https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php?title=Nine-point_circle&oldid=153372"