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Difference between revisions of "2005 AIME II Problems/Problem 9"

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== Solution ==
 
== Solution ==
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=== Solution 1 ===
 
We know by [[De Moivre's Theorem]] that <math>(\cos t + i \sin t)^n = \cos nt + i \sin nt</math> for all [[real number]]s <math>t</math> and all [[integer]]s <math>n</math>.  So, we'd like to somehow convert our given expression into a form from which we can apply De Moivre's Theorem.   
 
We know by [[De Moivre's Theorem]] that <math>(\cos t + i \sin t)^n = \cos nt + i \sin nt</math> for all [[real number]]s <math>t</math> and all [[integer]]s <math>n</math>.  So, we'd like to somehow convert our given expression into a form from which we can apply De Moivre's Theorem.   
  
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<math>\sin x = \cos y</math> if and only if either <math>x + y = \frac \pi 2 + 2\pi \cdot k</math> or <math>x - y = \frac\pi2 + 2\pi\cdot k</math> for some integer <math>k</math>.  So from the equality of the real parts we need either <math>nu + n\left(\frac\pi2 - u\right) = \frac\pi 2 + 2\pi \cdot k</math>, in which case <math>n = 1 + 4k</math>, or we need <math>-nu + n\left(\frac\pi2 - u\right) = \frac\pi 2 + 2\pi \cdot k</math>, in which case <math>n</math> will depend on <math>u</math> and so the equation will not hold for all real values of <math>u</math>.  Checking <math>n = 1 + 4k</math> in the equation for the imaginary parts, we see that it works there as well, so exactly those values of <math>n</math> congruent to <math>1 \pmod 4</math> work.  There are <math>\boxed{250}</math> of them in the given range.
 
<math>\sin x = \cos y</math> if and only if either <math>x + y = \frac \pi 2 + 2\pi \cdot k</math> or <math>x - y = \frac\pi2 + 2\pi\cdot k</math> for some integer <math>k</math>.  So from the equality of the real parts we need either <math>nu + n\left(\frac\pi2 - u\right) = \frac\pi 2 + 2\pi \cdot k</math>, in which case <math>n = 1 + 4k</math>, or we need <math>-nu + n\left(\frac\pi2 - u\right) = \frac\pi 2 + 2\pi \cdot k</math>, in which case <math>n</math> will depend on <math>u</math> and so the equation will not hold for all real values of <math>u</math>.  Checking <math>n = 1 + 4k</math> in the equation for the imaginary parts, we see that it works there as well, so exactly those values of <math>n</math> congruent to <math>1 \pmod 4</math> work.  There are <math>\boxed{250}</math> of them in the given range.
 +
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=== Solution 2 ===
 +
This problem begs us to use the familiar identity <math>e^{it} = \cos(t) + i \sin(t)</math>. Notice, <math>\sin(t) + i \cos(t) = i(\cos(t) - i \sin(t)) = i e^{-it}</math> since <math>\sin(-t) = -\sin(t)</math>. Using this, <math>(\sin(t) + i \cos(t))^n = \sin(nt) + i \cos(nt)</math> is recast as <math>(i e^{-it})^n = i e^{-itn}</math>. Hence we must have <math>i^n = i \Rightarrow i^{n-1} = 1 \Rightarrow n \equiv 1 \bmod{4}</math>. Thus since <math>1000</math> is a multiple of <math>4</math> exactly one quarter of the residues are congruent to <math>1</math> hence we have <math>\boxed{250}</math>.
  
 
== See also ==
 
== See also ==

Revision as of 00:17, 11 May 2009

Problem

For how many positive integers $n$ less than or equal to $1000$ is $(\sin t + i \cos t)^n = \sin nt + i \cos nt$ true for all real $t$?

Solution

Solution 1

We know by De Moivre's Theorem that $(\cos t + i \sin t)^n = \cos nt + i \sin nt$ for all real numbers $t$ and all integers $n$. So, we'd like to somehow convert our given expression into a form from which we can apply De Moivre's Theorem.

Recall the trigonometric identities $\cos \frac{\pi}2 - u = \sin u$ and $\sin \frac{\pi}2 - u = \cos u$ hold for all real $u$. If our original equation holds for all $t$, it must certainly hold for $t = \frac{\pi}2 - u$. Thus, the question is equivalent to asking for how many positive integers $n \leq 1000$ we have that $\left(\sin\left(\frac\pi2 - u\right) + i \cos\left(\frac\pi 2 - u\right)\right)^n = \sin n \left(\frac\pi2 -u \right) + i\cos n \left(\frac\pi2 - u\right)$ holds for all real $u$.

$\left(\sin\left(\frac\pi2 - u\right) + i \cos\left(\frac\pi 2 - u\right)\right)^n = \left(\cos u + i \sin u\right)^n = \cos nu + i\sin nu$. We know that two complex numbers are equal if and only if both their real part and imaginary part are equal. Thus, we need to find all $n$ such that $\cos n u = \sin n\left(\frac\pi2 - u\right)$ and $\sin nu = \cos n\left(\frac\pi2 - u\right)$ hold for all real $u$.

$\sin x = \cos y$ if and only if either $x + y = \frac \pi 2 + 2\pi \cdot k$ or $x - y = \frac\pi2 + 2\pi\cdot k$ for some integer $k$. So from the equality of the real parts we need either $nu + n\left(\frac\pi2 - u\right) = \frac\pi 2 + 2\pi \cdot k$, in which case $n = 1 + 4k$, or we need $-nu + n\left(\frac\pi2 - u\right) = \frac\pi 2 + 2\pi \cdot k$, in which case $n$ will depend on $u$ and so the equation will not hold for all real values of $u$. Checking $n = 1 + 4k$ in the equation for the imaginary parts, we see that it works there as well, so exactly those values of $n$ congruent to $1 \pmod 4$ work. There are $\boxed{250}$ of them in the given range.

Solution 2

This problem begs us to use the familiar identity $e^{it} = \cos(t) + i \sin(t)$. Notice, $\sin(t) + i \cos(t) = i(\cos(t) - i \sin(t)) = i e^{-it}$ since $\sin(-t) = -\sin(t)$. Using this, $(\sin(t) + i \cos(t))^n = \sin(nt) + i \cos(nt)$ is recast as $(i e^{-it})^n = i e^{-itn}$. Hence we must have $i^n = i \Rightarrow i^{n-1} = 1 \Rightarrow n \equiv 1 \bmod{4}$. Thus since $1000$ is a multiple of $4$ exactly one quarter of the residues are congruent to $1$ hence we have $\boxed{250}$.

See also

2005 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
Preceded by
Problem 8 		Followed by
Problem 10
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15
All AIME Problems and Solutions
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