2019 AIME I Problems/Problem 4
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[hide]Problem
A soccer team has available players. A fixed set of players starts the game, while the other are available as substitutes. During the game, the coach may make as many as substitutions, where any one of the players in the game is replaced by one of the substitutes. No player removed from the game may reenter the game, although a substitute entering the game may be replaced later. No two substitutions can happen at the same time. The players involved and the order of the substitutions matter. Let be the number of ways the coach can make substitutions during the game (including the possibility of making no substitutions). Find the remainder when is divided by .
Solution 1 (Recursion)
There are substitutions. The number of ways to sub any number of times must be multiplied by the previous number. This is defined recursively. The case for subs is , and the ways to reorganize after subs is the product of the number of new subs () and the players that can be ejected (). The formula for subs is then with .
Summing from to gives . Notice that . Then, rearrange it into . When taking modulo , the last term goes away. What is left is .
~BJHHar
Solution 2 (Casework)
We can perform casework. Call the substitution area the "bench".
: No substitutions. There is way of doing this: leaving everybody on the field.
: One substitution. Choose one player on the field to sub out, and one player on the bench. This corresponds to .
: Two substitutions. Choose one player on the field to sub out, and one player on the bench. Once again, this is . Now choose one more player on the field to sub out and one player on the bench that was not the original player subbed out. This gives us a total of .
: Three substitutions. Using similar logic as , we get . The resulting number ends in .
Therefore, the answer is .
Solution 3 (Official MAA)
There is way of making no substitutions to the starting lineup. If the coach makes exactly one substitution, this can be done in ways. Two substitutions can happen in ways. Similarly, three substitutions can happen ways. The total number of possibilities is
Video Solution #1(A bit of casework, a bit of counting)
https://youtu.be/JQdad7APQG8?t=981
Video Solution
~Shreyas S
See Also
2019 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
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