# 2014 AIME I Problems/Problem 7

## Problem 7

Let $w$ and $z$ be complex numbers such that $|w| = 1$ and $|z| = 10$. Let $\theta = \arg \left(\tfrac{w-z}{z}\right)$. The maximum possible value of $\tan^2 \theta$ can be written as $\tfrac{p}{q}$, where $p$ and $q$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $p+q$. (Note that $\arg(w)$, for $w \neq 0$, denotes the measure of the angle that the ray from $0$ to $w$ makes with the positive real axis in the complex plane)

## Solution

Let $w = \mathrm{cis}{(\alpha)}$ and $z = 10\mathrm{cis}{(\beta)}$. Then, $\dfrac{w - z}{z} = \dfrac{\mathrm{cis}{(\alpha)} - 10\mathrm{cis}{(\beta)}}{10\mathrm{cis}{\beta}}$.

Multiplying both the numerator and denominator of this fraction by $\mathrm{cis}{(-\beta)}$ gives us:

$\dfrac{w - z}{z} = \dfrac{1}{10}\mathrm{cis}{(\alpha - \beta)} - 1 = \dfrac{1}{10}\mathrm{cos}{(\alpha - \beta)} + \dfrac{1}{10}i\mathrm{sin}{(\alpha - \beta)} - 1$.

We know that $\mathrm{tan}{\theta}$ is equal to the imaginary part of the above expression divided by the real part. Let $x = \alpha - \beta$. Then, we have that:

$\mathrm{tan}{\theta} = \dfrac{\mathrm{sin}{x}}{\mathrm{cos}{x} - 10}.$

We need to find a maximum of this expression, so we take the derivative:

$\dfrac{d}{dx} \left (\dfrac{\mathrm{sin}{x}}{\mathrm{cos}{x} - 10} \right) = \dfrac{1 - 10\mathrm{cos}{x}}{(\mathrm{cos}{x} - 10)^2}$

Thus, we see that the maximum occurs when $\mathrm{cos}{x} = \dfrac{1}{10}$. Therefore, $\mathrm{sin}{x} = \pm\dfrac{\sqrt{99}}{10}$, and $\mathrm{tan}{\theta} = \pm\dfrac{\sqrt{99}}{99}$. Thus, the maximum value of $\mathrm{tan^2}{\theta}$ is $\dfrac{99}{99^2}$, or $\dfrac{1}{99}$, and our answer is $1 + 99 = \boxed{100}$.

## Solution 2

Without the loss of generality one can let $z$ lie on the positive x axis and since $arg(\theta)$ is a measure of the angle if $z=10$ then $arg(\dfrac{w-z}{z})=arg(w-z)$ and we can see that the question is equivalent to having a triangle $OAB$ with sides $OA =10$ $AB=1$ and $OB=t$ and trying to maximize the angle $BOA$ $[asy] pair O = (0,0); pair A = (100,0); pair B = (80,30); pair D = (sqrt(850),sqrt(850)); draw(A--B--O--cycle); dotfactor = 3; dot("A",A,dir(45)); dot("B",B,dir(45)); dot("O",O,dir(135)); dot(" \theta",O,(7,1.2)); label("1", ( A--B )); label("10",(O--A)); label("t",(O--B)); [/asy]$

using the Law of Cosines we get: $1^2=10^2+t^2-t*10*2\cos\theta$ rearranging: $$20t\cos\theta=t^2+99$$ solving for $\cos\theta$ we get:

$$\frac{99}{20t}+\frac{t}{20}=\cos\theta$$ if we want to maximize $\theta$ we need to minimize $\cos\theta$ , using AM-GM inequality we get that the minimum value for $\cos\theta= 2(\sqrt{\dfrac{99}{20t}\dfrac{t}{20}})=2\sqrt{\dfrac{99}{400}}=\dfrac{\sqrt{99}}{10}$ hence using the identity $\tan^2\theta=\sec^2\theta-1$ we get $\tan^2\theta=\frac{1}{99}$and our answer is $1 + 99 = \boxed{100}$.

## Solution 3

Note that $\frac{w-z}{z}=\frac{w}{z}-1$, and that $\left|\frac{w}{z}\right|=\frac{1}{10}$. Thus $\frac{w}{z}-1$ is a complex number on the circle with radius $\frac{1}{10}$ and centered at $-1$ on the complex plane. Let $\omega$ denote this circle.

Let $A$ and $C$ be the points that represent $\frac{w}{z}-1$ and $-1$ respectively on the complex plane. Let $O$ be the origin. In order to maximize $\tan^2(\theta)$, we need to maximize $\angle{AOC}$. This angle is maximized when $AO$ is tangent to $\omega$. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we get

$$AO^2=1^2-\left(\frac{1}{10}\right)^2=\frac{99}{100}$$

Thus

$$\tan^2(\theta)=\frac{AC^2}{AO^2}=\frac{1/100}{99/100}=\frac{1}{99}$$

And the answer is $1+99=\boxed{100}$.

~icematrix2