Difference between revisions of "1983 AIME Problems/Problem 15"
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Sevenoptimus (talk | contribs) (Cleaned up the solutions) |
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<!-- [[Image:1983_AIME-15.png|200px]] --> | <!-- [[Image:1983_AIME-15.png|200px]] --> | ||
− | == Solution 1 == | + | == Solution == |
+ | |||
+ | === Solution 1 === | ||
-Credit to Adamz for diagram- | -Credit to Adamz for diagram- | ||
<asy> | <asy> | ||
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pair D=(5,0); dot(D); label("$D$",D,E); | pair D=(5,0); dot(D); label("$D$",D,E); | ||
draw(A--D); | draw(A--D); | ||
− | </asy>Let <math>A</math> be any fixed point on | + | </asy>Let <math>A</math> be any fixed point on circle <math>O</math>, and let <math>AD</math> be a chord of circle <math>O</math>. The [[locus]] of midpoints <math>N</math> of the chord <math>AD</math> is a circle <math>P</math>, with diameter <math>AO</math>. Generally, the circle <math>P</math> can intersect the chord <math>BC</math> at two points, one point, or they may not have a point of intersection. By the problem condition, however, the circle <math>P</math> is tangent to <math>BC</math> at point <math>N</math>. |
− | Let <math>M</math> be the midpoint of the chord <math>BC</math>. From | + | Let <math>M</math> be the midpoint of the chord <math>BC</math>. From right triangle <math>OMB</math>, we have <math>OM = \sqrt{OB^2 - BM^2} =4</math>. This gives <math>\tan \angle BOM = \frac{BM}{OM} = \frac 3 4</math>. |
− | Notice that the distance <math>OM</math> equals <math>PN + PO \cos AOM = r(1 + \cos AOM)</math> | + | Notice that the distance <math>OM</math> equals <math>PN + PO \cos \angle AOM = r(1 + \cos \angle AOM)</math>, where <math>r</math> is the radius of circle <math>P</math>. |
− | + | Hence <cmath>\cos \angle AOM = \frac{OM}{r} - 1 = \frac{2OM}{R} - 1 = \frac 8 5 - 1 = \frac 3 5</cmath> (where <math>R</math> represents the radius, <math>5</math>, of the large circle given in the question). Therefore, since <math>\angle AOM</math> is clearly acute, we see that <cmath>\tan \angle AOM =\frac{\sqrt{1 - \cos^2 \angle AOM}}{\cos \angle AOM} = \frac{\sqrt{5^2 - 3^2}}{3} = \frac 4 3</cmath> | |
− | === | + | Next, notice that <math>\angle AOB = \angle AOM - \angle BOM</math>. We can therefore apply the subtraction formula for <math>\tan</math> to obtain <cmath>\tan \angle AOB =\frac{\tan \angle AOM - \tan \angle BOM}{1 + \tan \angle AOM \cdot \tan \angle BOM} =\frac{\frac 4 3 - \frac 3 4}{1 + \frac 4 3 \cdot \frac 3 4} = \frac{7}{24}</cmath> It follows that <math>\sin \angle AOB =\frac{7}{\sqrt{7^2+24^2}} = \frac{7}{25}</math>, such that the answer is <math>7 \cdot 25=\boxed{175}</math>. |
− | + | === Solution 2 === | |
− | + | This solution, while similar to Solution 1, is far more motivated and less contrived. | |
− | + | Firstly, we note the statement in the problem that "<math>AD</math> is the only chord starting at <math>A</math> and bisected by <math>BC</math>" – what is its significance? What is the criterion for this statement to be true? | |
− | + | We consider the locus of midpoints of the chords from <math>A</math>. It is well-known that this is the circle with diameter <math>AO</math>, where <math>O</math> is the center of the circle. The proof is simple: every midpoint of a chord is a dilation of the endpoint with scale factor <math>\frac{1}{2}</math> and center <math>A</math>. Thus, the locus is the result of the dilation with scale factor <math>\frac{1}{2}</math> and centre <math>A</math> of circle <math>O</math>. Let the center of this circle be <math>P</math>. | |
− | + | Now, <math>AD</math> is bisected by <math>BC</math> if they cross at some point <math>N</math> on the circle. Moreover, since <math>AD</math> is the only chord, <math>BC</math> must be tangent to the circle <math>P</math>. | |
− | + | The rest of this problem is straightforward. | |
− | |||
− | + | Our goal is to find <math>\sin \angle AOB = \sin{\left(\angle AOM - \angle BOM\right)}</math>, where <math>M</math> is the midpoint of <math>BC</math>. We have <math>BM=3</math> and <math>OM=4</math>. | |
+ | Let <math>R</math> be the projection of <math>A</math> onto <math>OM</math>, and similarly let <math>Q</math> be the projection of <math>P</math> onto <math>OM</math>. Then it remains to find <math>AR</math> so that we can use the addition formula for <math>\sin</math>. | ||
− | + | As <math>PN</math> is a radius of circle <math>P</math>, <math>PN=2.5</math>, and similarly, <math>PO=2.5</math>. Since <math>OM=4</math>, we have <math>OQ=OM-QM=OM-PN=4-2.5=1.5</math>. Thus <math>PQ=\sqrt{2.5^2-1.5^2}=2</math>. | |
+ | |||
+ | Further, we see that <math>\triangle OAR</math> is a dilation of <math>\triangle OPQ</math> about center <math>O</math> with scale factor <math>2</math>, so <math>AR=2PQ=4</math>. | ||
Lastly, we apply the formula: | Lastly, we apply the formula: | ||
− | <cmath> \sin (AOM - BOM) = \sin AOM \cos BOM - \sin BOM \cos AOM = (4 | + | <cmath> \sin{\left(\angle AOM - \angle BOM\right)} = \sin \angle AOM \cos \angle BOM - \sin \angle BOM \cos \angle AOM = \left(\frac{4}{5}\right)\left(\frac{4}{5}\right)-\left(\frac{3}{5}\right)\left(\frac{3}{5}\right)=\frac{7}{25}</cmath> |
− | + | Thus the answer is <math>7\cdot25=\boxed{175}</math>. | |
− | Thus | ||
− | == Solution | + | === Solution 3 (coordinate geometry) === |
[[File:Aime1983p15s2.png|500px|link=]] | [[File:Aime1983p15s2.png|500px|link=]] | ||
− | Let the circle | + | Let the circle have equation <math>x^2 + y^2 = 25</math>, with centre <math>O(0,0)</math>. Since <math>BC=6</math>, we can calculate (by the Pythagorean Theorem) that the distance from <math>O</math> to the line <math>BC</math> is <math>4</math>. Therefore, we can let <math>B=(3,4)</math> and <math>C=(-3,4)</math>. Now, assume that <math>A</math> is any point on the major arc BC, and <math>D</math> any point on the minor arc BC. We can write <math>A=(5 \cos \alpha, 5 \sin \alpha)</math>, where <math>\alpha</math> is the angle measured from the positive <math>x</math> axis to the ray <math>OA</math>. It will also be convenient to define <math>\angle XOB = \alpha_0</math>. |
− | Firstly, since B must lie in the minor arc AD, we see that <math>\alpha \in \left(-\frac{\pi}{2}-\alpha_0,\alpha_0\right)</math>. However, since the midpoint of AD must lie on BC, and the highest <math>y</math> coordinate of <math>D</math> is <math>5</math>, we see that the <math>y</math> coordinate | + | Firstly, since <math>B</math> must lie in the minor arc <math>AD</math>, we see that <math>\alpha \in \left(-\frac{\pi}{2}-\alpha_0,\alpha_0\right)</math>. However, since the midpoint of <math>AD</math> must lie on <math>BC</math>, and the highest possible <math>y</math>-coordinate of <math>D</math> is <math>5</math>, we see that the <math>y</math>-coordinate cannott be lower than <math>3</math>, that is, <math>\alpha \in \left[\sin^{-1}\frac{3}{5},\alpha_0\right)</math>. |
− | Secondly, there is a theorem that says that, in a circle, if a chord is bisected by a radius, then | + | Secondly, there is a theorem that says that, in a circle, if a chord is bisected by a radius, then they must be perpendicular. Therefore, suppose that <math>P</math> is the intersection point of <math>AD</math> and <math>BC</math>, so that by the theorem, <math>OP</math> is perpendicular to <math>AD</math>. So, if <math>AD</math> is the only chord starting at <math>A</math> which is bisected by <math>BC</math>, this means that <math>P</math> is the only point on the chord <math>BC</math> such that <math>OP</math> is perpendicular to <math>AD</math>. Now suppose that <math>P=(p,4)</math>, where <math>p \in (-3,3)</math>. The fact that <math>OP</math> must be perpendicular to <math>AD</math> is equivalent to the following equation: |
− | <cmath> -1 = (slope OP)(slope AP)</cmath> | + | <cmath> -1 = \left(\text{slope of } OP\right)\left(\text{slope of } AP\right)</cmath> |
+ | which becomes | ||
<cmath> -1 = \frac{4}{p} \cdot \frac{5\sin \alpha - 4}{5\cos \alpha - p}</cmath> | <cmath> -1 = \frac{4}{p} \cdot \frac{5\sin \alpha - 4}{5\cos \alpha - p}</cmath> | ||
− | + | This rearranges to | |
<cmath> p^2 - (5\cos \alpha)p + 16 - 20 \sin \alpha = 0</cmath> | <cmath> p^2 - (5\cos \alpha)p + 16 - 20 \sin \alpha = 0</cmath> | ||
− | Given that this equation | + | Given that this equation must have only one real root <math>p\in (-3,3)</math>, we study the following function: |
<cmath>f(x) = x^2 - (5\cos \alpha)x + 16 - 20 \sin \alpha</cmath> | <cmath>f(x) = x^2 - (5\cos \alpha)x + 16 - 20 \sin \alpha</cmath> | ||
− | First, by the fact that <math>f(x)</math> has real | + | First, by the fact that the equation <math>f(x)=0</math> has real solutions, its discriminant <math>\Delta</math> must be non-negative, so we calculate |
− | <cmath> \Delta = (5\cos \alpha)^2 - 4(16-20\sin \alpha) | + | <cmath> \begin{split}\Delta & = (5\cos \alpha)^2 - 4(16-20\sin \alpha) \ |
− | + | & = 25 (1- \sin^2 \alpha) - 64 + 80 \sin \alpha \ | |
− | + | & = -25 \sin^2 \alpha + 80\sin \alpha - 39 \ | |
− | + | & = (13 - 5\sin \alpha)(5\sin \alpha - 3)\end{split}</cmath> | |
− | It is obvious that this is non-negative. If it is actually zero, then <math>\sin \alpha = \frac{3}{5}</math>, and <math>\cos \alpha = \frac{4}{5}</math>. In this case, <math>p = | + | It is obvious that this is in fact non-negative. If it is actually zero, then <math>\sin \alpha = \frac{3}{5}</math>, and <math>\cos \alpha = \frac{4}{5}</math>. In this case, <math>p = \frac{5\cos \alpha}{2} = 2 \in (-3,3)</math>, so we have found a possible solution. We thus calculate <math>\sin(\text{central angle of minor arc } AB) = \sin (\alpha_0 - \alpha) = \frac{4}{5}\cdot \frac{4}{5} - \frac{3}{5} \cdot \frac{3}{5} = \frac{7}{25}</math> by the subtraction formula for <math>\sin</math>. This means that the answer is <math>7 \cdot 25 = 175</math>. |
− | === | + | === Addendum to Solution 3 === |
− | + | Since this is an AIME problem, we can assume that we are done since we have found one possible case. However, in a full-solution contest, we could not assume that the answer is unique, but would need to prove that this is the unique solution. This can be proven as follows. | |
− | Suppose that <math>\Delta > 0</math>, which | + | Suppose that <math>\Delta > 0</math>, which would mean that there could be two real roots of <math>f(x)</math>, one lying in the interval <math>(-3,3)</math>, and another outside of it. We also see, by [[Vieta's Formulas]], that the average of the two roots is <math>\frac{5\cos \alpha}{2}</math>, which is non-negative, so the root outside of <math>(-3,3)</math> must be no less than <math>3</math>. By considering the graph of <math>y=f(x)</math>, which is a "U-shaped" parabola, it is now evident that <math>f(-3) > 0</math> and <math>f(3)\leq 0</math>. We can just use the second inequality: |
<cmath>0 \geq f(3) = 25 - 15\cos \alpha - 20 \sin \alpha</cmath> | <cmath>0 \geq f(3) = 25 - 15\cos \alpha - 20 \sin \alpha</cmath> | ||
+ | so | ||
<cmath> 3\cos \alpha + 4 \sin \alpha \geq 5 </cmath> | <cmath> 3\cos \alpha + 4 \sin \alpha \geq 5 </cmath> | ||
− | The only way to | + | The only way for this inequality to be satisfied is when <math>A=B</math> (by applying the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, or just plotting the line <math>3x+4y=5</math> to see that point <math>A</math> can't be above this line), which does not make sense in the original problem statement. (For it would mean that the point <math>A</math> lies in the half-plane above the line <math>3x+4y=5</math>, inclusive, and the half-plane below the line <math>-3x+4y=5</math>, exclusive. This can be seen to be impossible by drawing the lines and observing that the intersection of the two half-planes does not share any point with the circle.) |
− | |||
== See Also == | == See Also == |
Revision as of 19:56, 15 February 2019
Contents
[hide]Problem
The adjoining figure shows two intersecting chords in a circle, with on minor arc . Suppose that the radius of the circle is , that , and that is bisected by . Suppose further that is the only chord starting at which is bisected by . It follows that the sine of the central angle of minor arc is a rational number. If this number is expressed as a fraction in lowest terms, what is the product ?
Solution
Solution 1
-Credit to Adamz for diagram- Let be any fixed point on circle , and let be a chord of circle . The locus of midpoints of the chord is a circle , with diameter . Generally, the circle can intersect the chord at two points, one point, or they may not have a point of intersection. By the problem condition, however, the circle is tangent to at point .
Let be the midpoint of the chord . From right triangle , we have . This gives .
Notice that the distance equals , where is the radius of circle .
Hence (where represents the radius, , of the large circle given in the question). Therefore, since is clearly acute, we see that
Next, notice that . We can therefore apply the subtraction formula for to obtain It follows that , such that the answer is .
Solution 2
This solution, while similar to Solution 1, is far more motivated and less contrived.
Firstly, we note the statement in the problem that " is the only chord starting at and bisected by " – what is its significance? What is the criterion for this statement to be true?
We consider the locus of midpoints of the chords from . It is well-known that this is the circle with diameter , where is the center of the circle. The proof is simple: every midpoint of a chord is a dilation of the endpoint with scale factor and center . Thus, the locus is the result of the dilation with scale factor and centre of circle . Let the center of this circle be .
Now, is bisected by if they cross at some point on the circle. Moreover, since is the only chord, must be tangent to the circle .
The rest of this problem is straightforward.
Our goal is to find , where is the midpoint of . We have and . Let be the projection of onto , and similarly let be the projection of onto . Then it remains to find so that we can use the addition formula for .
As is a radius of circle , , and similarly, . Since , we have . Thus .
Further, we see that is a dilation of about center with scale factor , so .
Lastly, we apply the formula: Thus the answer is .
Solution 3 (coordinate geometry)
Let the circle have equation , with centre . Since , we can calculate (by the Pythagorean Theorem) that the distance from to the line is . Therefore, we can let and . Now, assume that is any point on the major arc BC, and any point on the minor arc BC. We can write , where is the angle measured from the positive axis to the ray . It will also be convenient to define .
Firstly, since must lie in the minor arc , we see that . However, since the midpoint of must lie on , and the highest possible -coordinate of is , we see that the -coordinate cannott be lower than , that is, .
Secondly, there is a theorem that says that, in a circle, if a chord is bisected by a radius, then they must be perpendicular. Therefore, suppose that is the intersection point of and , so that by the theorem, is perpendicular to . So, if is the only chord starting at which is bisected by , this means that is the only point on the chord such that is perpendicular to . Now suppose that , where . The fact that must be perpendicular to is equivalent to the following equation:
which becomes
This rearranges to
Given that this equation must have only one real root , we study the following function:
First, by the fact that the equation has real solutions, its discriminant must be non-negative, so we calculate
It is obvious that this is in fact non-negative. If it is actually zero, then , and . In this case, , so we have found a possible solution. We thus calculate by the subtraction formula for . This means that the answer is .
Addendum to Solution 3
Since this is an AIME problem, we can assume that we are done since we have found one possible case. However, in a full-solution contest, we could not assume that the answer is unique, but would need to prove that this is the unique solution. This can be proven as follows.
Suppose that , which would mean that there could be two real roots of , one lying in the interval , and another outside of it. We also see, by Vieta's Formulas, that the average of the two roots is , which is non-negative, so the root outside of must be no less than . By considering the graph of , which is a "U-shaped" parabola, it is now evident that and . We can just use the second inequality:
so
The only way for this inequality to be satisfied is when (by applying the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, or just plotting the line to see that point can't be above this line), which does not make sense in the original problem statement. (For it would mean that the point lies in the half-plane above the line , inclusive, and the half-plane below the line , exclusive. This can be seen to be impossible by drawing the lines and observing that the intersection of the two half-planes does not share any point with the circle.)
See Also
1983 AIME (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 14 |
Followed by Last question | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 | ||
All AIME Problems and Solutions |