# 1983 AIME Problems/Problem 4

## Problem

A machine-shop cutting tool has the shape of a notched circle, as shown. The radius of the circle is $\sqrt{50}$ cm, the length of $AB$ is $6$ cm and that of $BC$ is $2$ cm. The angle $ABC$ is a right angle. Find the square of the distance (in centimeters) from $B$ to the center of the circle.

$[asy] size(150); defaultpen(linewidth(0.6)+fontsize(11)); real r=10; pair O=(0,0), A=r*dir(45),B=(A.x,A.y-r); path P=circle(O,r); pair C=intersectionpoint(B--(B.x+r,B.y),P); // Drawing arc instead of full circle //draw(P); draw(arc(O, r, degrees(A), degrees(C))); draw(C--B--A--B); dot(A); dot(B); dot(C); label("A",A,NE); label("B",B,S); label("C",C,SE); [/asy]$

## Solution

### Solution 1

Because we are given a right angle, we look for ways to apply the Pythagorean Theorem. Let the foot of the perpendicular from $O$ to $AB$ be $D$ and let the foot of the perpendicular from $O$ to the line $BC$ be $E$. Let $OE=x$ and $OD=y$. We're trying to find $x^2+y^2$.

$[asy] size(150); defaultpen(linewidth(0.6)+fontsize(11)); real r=10; pair O=(0,0),A=r*dir(45),B=(A.x,A.y-r); pair D=(A.x,0),F=(0,B.y); path P=circle(O,r); pair C=intersectionpoint(B--(B.x+r,B.y),P); draw(P); draw(C--B--O--A--B); draw(D--O--F--B,dashed); dot(O); dot(A); dot(B); dot(C); label("O",O,SW); label("A",A,NE); label("B",B,S); label("C",C,SE); label("D",D,NE); label("E",F,SW); [/asy]$

Applying the Pythagorean Theorem, $OA^2 = OD^2 + AD^2$ and $OC^2 = EC^2 + EO^2$.

Thus, $\left(\sqrt{50}\right)^2 = y^2 + (6-x)^2$, and $\left(\sqrt{50}\right)^2 = x^2 + (y+2)^2$. We solve this system to get $x = 1$ and $y = 5$, such that the answer is $1^2 + 5^2 = \boxed{026}$.

### Solution 2

We'll use the law of cosines. Let $O$ be the center of the circle; we wish to find $OB$. We know how long $OA$ and $AB$ are, so if we can find $\cos \angle OAB$, we'll be in good shape.

$[asy] size(150); defaultpen(linewidth(0.6)+fontsize(11)); real r=10; pair O=(0,0),A=r*dir(45),B=(A.x,A.y-r); pair D=(A.x,0),F=(0,B.y); path P=circle(O,r); pair C=intersectionpoint(B--(B.x+r,B.y),P); draw(P); draw(C--B--O--A--B); draw(O--B); draw(A--C); dot(O); dot(A); dot(B); dot(C); label("O",O,SW); label("A",A,NE); label("B",B,S); label("C",C,SE); [/asy]$

We can find $\cos \angle OAB$ using angles $OAC$ and $BAC$. First we note that by Pythagoras, $$AC = \sqrt{AB^2 + BC^2} = \sqrt{36 + 4} = \sqrt{40} = 2 \sqrt{10}.$$ If we let $M$ be the midpoint of $AC$, that mean that $AM = \sqrt{10}$. Since $\triangle OAC$ is isosceles ($OA = OC$ from the definition of a circle), $M$ is also the foot of the altitude from $O$ to $AC.$

$[asy] size(150); defaultpen(linewidth(0.6)+fontsize(11)); real r=10; pair O=(0,0),A=r*dir(45),B=(A.x,A.y-r); pair D=(A.x,0); path P=circle(O,r); pair C=intersectionpoint(B--(B.x+r,B.y),P); pair M = (A+C)/2; draw(P); draw(O--C--A--cycle); draw(O--M, dashed); draw(rightanglemark(O,M,A,25)); dot(O); dot(A); dot(C); label("O",O,SW); label("A",A,NE); label("M",M,SSW); label("C",C,SE); label("\sqrt{50}", (O+A)/2, NW); label("\sqrt{10}", (A+M)/2, E); [/asy]$

It follows that $OM = \sqrt{40} = 2 \sqrt{10}$. Therefore \begin{align*} \cos \angle OAC = \frac{\sqrt{10}}{\sqrt{50}} &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}}, \\ \sin \angle OAC = \frac{2 \sqrt{10}}{\sqrt{50}} &= \frac{2}{\sqrt{5}}. \end{align*} Meanwhile, from right triangle $ABC,$ we have \begin{align*} \cos \angle BAC = \frac{6}{\sqrt{40}} &= \frac{3}{\sqrt{10}}, \\ \sin \angle BAC = \frac{2}{\sqrt{40}} &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{10}}. \end{align*}

This means that by the angle subtraction formulas, \begin{align*} \cos \angle OAB &= \cos (\angle OAC - \angle BAC) \\ &= \cos \angle OAC \cos \angle BAC + \sin \angle OAC \sin \angle BAC \\ &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{5}} \cdot \frac{3}{\sqrt{10}} + \frac{2}{\sqrt{5}} \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{10}} \\ &= \frac{5}{5 \sqrt{2}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}. \end{align*}

Now we have all we need to use the law of cosines on $\triangle OAB.$ This tells us that \begin{align*} OB^2 &= AO^2 + AB^2 - 2 AO \cdot AB \cdot \cos \angle OAB \\ &= 50 + 36 - 2 \cdot 5 \sqrt{2} \cdot 6 \cdot \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}} \\ &= 86 - 2 \cdot 5 \cdot 6 \\ &= 26. \end{align*}

### Solution 3

Drop perpendiculars from $O$ to $AB$ (with foot $T_1$), $M$ to $OT_1$ (with foot $T_2$), and $M$ to $AB$ (with foot $T_3$). Also, mark the midpoint $M$ of $AC$.

$[asy] size(200); pair dl(string name, pair loc, pair offset) { dot(loc); label(name,loc,offset); return loc; }; pair a[] = {(0,0),(0,5),(1,5),(1,7),(-2,6),(-5,5),(-2,5),(-2,6),(0,6)}; string n[] = {"O","T_1","B","C","M","A","T_3","M","T_2"}; for(int i=0;i

First notice that by computation, $OAC$ is a $\sqrt {50} - \sqrt {40} - \sqrt {50}$ isosceles triangle, so $AC = MO$. Then, notice that $\angle MOT_2 = \angle T_3MO = \angle BAC$. Therefore, the two blue triangles are congruent, from which we deduce $MT_2 = 2$ and $OT_2 = 6$. As $T_3B = 3$ and $MT_3 = 1$, we subtract and get $OT_1 = 5,T_1B = 1$. Then the Pythagorean Theorem tells us that $OB^2 = \boxed{026}$.

### Solution 4

Draw segment $OB$ with length $x$, and draw radius $OQ$ such that $OQ$ bisects chord $AC$ at point $M$. This also means that $OQ$ is perpendicular to $AC$. By the Pythagorean Theorem, we get that $AC=\sqrt{(BC)^2+(AB)^2}=2\sqrt{10}$, and therefore $AM=\sqrt{10}$. Also by the Pythagorean theorem, we can find that $OM=\sqrt{50-10}=2\sqrt{10}$.

Next, find $\angle BAC=\arctan{\left(\frac{2}{6}\right)}$ and $\angle OAM=\arctan{\left(\frac{2\sqrt{10}}{\sqrt{10}}\right)}$. Since $\angle OAB=\angle OAM-\angle BAC$, we get $$\angle OAB=\arctan{2}-\arctan{\frac{1}{3}}$$$$\tan{(\angle OAB)}=\tan{(\arctan{2}-\arctan{\frac{1}{3}})}$$By the subtraction formula for $\tan$, we get$$\tan{(\angle OAB)}=\frac{2-\frac{1}{3}}{1+2\cdot \frac{1}{3}}$$$$\tan{(\angle OAB)}=1$$$$\cos{(\angle OAB)}=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$$Finally, by the Law of Cosines on $\triangle OAB$, we get $$x^2=50+36-2(6)\sqrt{50}\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}$$$$x^2=\boxed{026}.$$

### Solution 5

We use coordinates. Let the circle have center $(0,0)$ and radius $\sqrt{50}$; this circle has equation $x^2 + y^2 = 50$. Let the coordinates of $B$ be $(a,b)$. We want to find $a^2 + b^2$. $A$ and $C$ with coordinates $(a,b+6)$ and $(a+2,b)$, respectively, both lie on the circle. From this we obtain the system of equations

$a^2 + (b+6)^2 = 50$

$(a+2)^2 + b^2 = 50$

After expanding these terms, we notice by subtracting the first and second equations, we can cancel out $a^2$ and $b^2$. after substituting $a=3b+8$ and plugging back in, we realize that $(a,b)=(-7,-5)$ or $(5,-1)$. Since the first point is out of the circle, we find that $(5,-1)$ is the only relevant answer. This paragraph is written by ~hastapasta.

Solving, we get $a=5$ and $b=-1$, so the distance is $a^2 + b^2 = \boxed{026}$.