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Difference between revisions of "2020 AIME I Problems/Problem 2"

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There is a unique positive real number <math>x</math> such that the three numbers <math>\log_8{2x}</math>, <math>\log_4{x}</math>, and <math>\log_2{x}</math>, in that order, form a geometric progression with positive common ratio.  The number <math>x</math> can be written as <math>\frac{m}{n}</math>, where <math>m</math> and <math>n</math> are relatively prime positive integers. Find <math>m + n</math>.
 
There is a unique positive real number <math>x</math> such that the three numbers <math>\log_8{2x}</math>, <math>\log_4{x}</math>, and <math>\log_2{x}</math>, in that order, form a geometric progression with positive common ratio.  The number <math>x</math> can be written as <math>\frac{m}{n}</math>, where <math>m</math> and <math>n</math> are relatively prime positive integers. Find <math>m + n</math>.
  
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== Solution ==
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== Solution 1==
 
Since these form a geometric series, <math>\frac{\log_2{x}}{\log_4{x}}</math> is the common ratio. Rewriting this, we get <math>\frac{\log_x{4}}{\log_x{2}} = \log_2{4} = 2</math> by base change formula. Therefore, the common ratio is 2. Now <math>\frac{\log_4{x}}{\log_8{2x}} = 2 \implies \log_4{x} = 2\log_8{2} + 2\log_8{x} \implies \frac{1}{2}\log_2{x} = \frac{2}{3} + \frac{2}{3}\log_2{x}</math>
 
Since these form a geometric series, <math>\frac{\log_2{x}}{\log_4{x}}</math> is the common ratio. Rewriting this, we get <math>\frac{\log_x{4}}{\log_x{2}} = \log_2{4} = 2</math> by base change formula. Therefore, the common ratio is 2. Now <math>\frac{\log_4{x}}{\log_8{2x}} = 2 \implies \log_4{x} = 2\log_8{2} + 2\log_8{x} \implies \frac{1}{2}\log_2{x} = \frac{2}{3} + \frac{2}{3}\log_2{x}</math>
  
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==Solution 4 (Exponents > Logarithms)==
 
==Solution 4 (Exponents > Logarithms)==
 
Let <math>r</math> be the common ratio, and let <math>a</math> be the starting term (<math>a=\log_{8}{(2x)}</math>). We then have: <cmath>\log_{8}{(2x)}=a, \log_{4}{(x)}=ar, \log_{2}{(x)}=ar^2</cmath> Rearranging these equations gives: <cmath>8^a=2x, 4^{ar}=x, 2^{ar^2}=x</cmath>
 
Let <math>r</math> be the common ratio, and let <math>a</math> be the starting term (<math>a=\log_{8}{(2x)}</math>). We then have: <cmath>\log_{8}{(2x)}=a, \log_{4}{(x)}=ar, \log_{2}{(x)}=ar^2</cmath> Rearranging these equations gives: <cmath>8^a=2x, 4^{ar}=x, 2^{ar^2}=x</cmath>
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Deal with the last two equations first: Setting them equal gives: <cmath>4^{ar}=2^{ar^2} \Rightarrow 2^{2ar}=2^{ar^2}</cmath> Using LTE results in: <cmath>2ar=ar^2 \Rightarrow r=2</cmath> Using this value of <math>r</math>, substitute into the first and second equations (or the first and third, it doesn't really matter) to get: <cmath>8^a=2x, 4^{2a}=x</cmath> Changing these to a common base gives: <cmath>2^{3a}=2x, 2^{4a}=x</cmath> Dividing the first equation by 2 on both sides yields: <cmath>2^{3a-1}=x</cmath> Setting these equations equal to each other and applying LTE again gives: <cmath>3a-1=4a \Rightarrow a=-1</cmath> Substituting this back into the first equation gives: <cmath>8^{-1}=2x \Rightarrow 2x=\frac{1}{8} \Rightarrow x=\frac{1}{16}</cmath> Therefore, <math>m+n=1+16=\boxed{017}</math>
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Deal with the last two equations first: Setting them equal gives: <cmath>4^{ar}=2^{ar^2} \implies 2^{2ar}=2^{ar^2} \implies 2ar=ar^2 \implies r=2</cmath> Using this value of <math>r</math>, substitute into the first and second equations (or the first and third, it doesn't really matter) to get: <cmath>8^a=2x, 4^{2a}=x</cmath> Changing these to a common base gives: <cmath>2^{3a}=2x, 2^{4a}=x</cmath> Dividing the first equation by 2 on both sides yields: <cmath>2^{3a-1}=x</cmath> Setting these equations equal to each other and removing the exponent again gives: <cmath>3a-1=4a \implies a=-1</cmath> Substituting this back into the first equation gives: <cmath>8^{-1}=2x \implies 2x=\frac{1}{8} \implies x=\frac{1}{16}</cmath> Therefore, <math>m+n=1+16=\boxed{017}</math>
  
 
~IAmTheHazard
 
~IAmTheHazard
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~Bowser498
 
~Bowser498
  
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See here for a video solution:
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==Solution 7 ==
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Again, by the Change of Base Formula, obtain that the common ratio is 2. If we let <math>y</math> be the exponent of <math>\log_8 (2x)</math>, then we have <math>8^y=2x;\:4^{2y}=x;\:2^{4y}=x.</math> Wee can then divide the first equation by two to have the right side be <math>x</math>. Also, <math>2^{4y}=\left(2^{4}\right)^y=16^y</math>. Setting this equal to <math>\frac{8^y}{2}</math>, we can divide the two equations to get <math>2^y=\frac12</math>. Therefore, <math>y=-1</math>. After that, we can raise <math>16</math> to the <math>-1</math>th power to get <math>x=16^{-1}\Rightarrow x=\frac1{16}</math>. We then get our sum of <math>1+16=\boxed{\textbf{017}}</math>.
  
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https://youtu.be/nPL7nUXnRbo
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~[[User:Sweetmango77|SweetMango77]]
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==Solution 8 (Official MAA)==
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By the Change of Base Formula the common ratio of the progression is<cmath>\frac{\log_2 x}{\log_4 x} = \frac{\hphantom{m}\log_2x\hphantom{m}}{\frac{\log_2x}{\log_24}}
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= 2.</cmath>Hence <math>x</math> must satisfy<cmath>2=\frac{\log_4 x}{\log_8 (2x)}= \frac{\log_2 x}{\log_2 4} \div \frac{\log_2(2x)}{\log_28} = \frac 32\cdot \frac{\log_2x}{1+\log_2x}.</cmath>This is equivalent to <math>4 + 4\log_2x = 3\log_2x</math>. Hence <math>\log_2x = -4</math> and <math>x = \frac{1}{16}</math>. The requested sum is <math>1+16 = 17</math>.
 +
 
 +
==Video Solutions==
 +
 
 +
https://youtu.be/nPL7nUXnRbo (Unavailable)
 +
 
 +
Aarav Navani: https://youtu.be/4FvYVfhhTaQ
 +
 
 +
Mathematica De Estremo: https://youtu.be/FgrIgCyGVUI
 +
 
 +
https://youtu.be/mgRNqSDCvgM?t=281s (Unavailable)
  
 
==See Also==
 
==See Also==

Latest revision as of 17:31, 29 January 2023

Problem

There is a unique positive real number $x$ such that the three numbers $\log_8{2x}$, $\log_4{x}$, and $\log_2{x}$, in that order, form a geometric progression with positive common ratio. The number $x$ can be written as $\frac{m}{n}$, where $m$ and $n$ are relatively prime positive integers. Find $m + n$.

Solution 1

Since these form a geometric series, $\frac{\log_2{x}}{\log_4{x}}$ is the common ratio. Rewriting this, we get $\frac{\log_x{4}}{\log_x{2}} = \log_2{4} = 2$ by base change formula. Therefore, the common ratio is 2. Now $\frac{\log_4{x}}{\log_8{2x}} = 2 \implies \log_4{x} = 2\log_8{2} + 2\log_8{x} \implies \frac{1}{2}\log_2{x} = \frac{2}{3} + \frac{2}{3}\log_2{x}$

$\implies -\frac{1}{6}\log_2{x} = \frac{2}{3} \implies \log_2{x} = -4 \implies x = \frac{1}{16}$. Therefore, $1 + 16 = \boxed{017}$.

~ JHawk0224

Solution 2

If we set $x=2^y$, we can obtain three terms of a geometric sequence through logarithm properties. The three terms are \[\frac{y+1}{3}, \frac{y}{2}, y.\] In a three-term geometric sequence, the middle term squared is equal to the product of the other two terms, so we obtain the following: \[\frac{y^2+y}{3} = \frac{y^2}{4},\] which can be solved to reveal $y = -4$. Therefore, $x = 2^{-4} = \frac{1}{16}$, so our answer is $\boxed{017}$.

-molocyxu

Solution 3

Let $r$ be the common ratio. We have \[r = \frac{\log_4{(x)}}{\log_8{(2x)}} = \frac{\log_2{(x)}}{\log_4{(x)}}\] Hence we obtain \[(\log_4{(x)})(\log_4{(x)}) = (\log_8{(2x)})(\log_2{(x)})\] Ideally we change everything to base $64$ and we can get: \[(\log_{64}{(x^3)})(\log_{64}{(x^3)}) = (\log_{64}{(x^6)})(\log_{64}{(4x^2)})\] Now divide to get: \[\frac{\log_{64}{(x^3)}}{\log_{64}{(4x^2)}} = \frac{\log_{64}{(x^6)}}{\log_{64}{(x^3)}}\] By change-of-base we obtain: \[\log_{(4x^2)}{(x^3)} = \log_{(x^3)}{(x^6)} = 2\] Hence $(4x^2)^2 = x^3 \rightarrow 16x^4 = x^3 \rightarrow x = \frac{1}{16}$ and we have $1+16 = \boxed{017}$ as desired.

~skyscraper

Solution 4 (Exponents > Logarithms)

Let $r$ be the common ratio, and let $a$ be the starting term ($a=\log_{8}{(2x)}$). We then have: \[\log_{8}{(2x)}=a, \log_{4}{(x)}=ar, \log_{2}{(x)}=ar^2\] Rearranging these equations gives: \[8^a=2x, 4^{ar}=x, 2^{ar^2}=x\] Deal with the last two equations first: Setting them equal gives: \[4^{ar}=2^{ar^2} \implies 2^{2ar}=2^{ar^2} \implies 2ar=ar^2 \implies r=2\] Using this value of $r$, substitute into the first and second equations (or the first and third, it doesn't really matter) to get: \[8^a=2x, 4^{2a}=x\] Changing these to a common base gives: \[2^{3a}=2x, 2^{4a}=x\] Dividing the first equation by 2 on both sides yields: \[2^{3a-1}=x\] Setting these equations equal to each other and removing the exponent again gives: \[3a-1=4a \implies a=-1\] Substituting this back into the first equation gives: \[8^{-1}=2x \implies 2x=\frac{1}{8} \implies x=\frac{1}{16}\] Therefore, $m+n=1+16=\boxed{017}$

~IAmTheHazard

Solution 5

We can relate the logarithms as follows:

\[\frac{\log_4{x}}{\log_8{(2x)}}=\frac{\log_2{x}}{\log_4{x}}\] \[\log_8{(2x)}\log_2{x}=\log_4{x}\log_4{x}\]

Now we can convert all logarithm bases to $2$ using the identity $\log_a{b}=\log_{a^c}{b^c}$:

\[\log_2{\sqrt[3]{2x}}\log_2{x}=\log_2{\sqrt{x}}\log_2{\sqrt{x}}\]

We can solve for $x$ as follows:

\[\frac{1}{3}\log_2{(2x)}\log_2{x}=\frac{1}{4}\log_2{x}\log_2{x}\] \[\frac{1}{3}\log_2{(2x)}=\frac{1}{4}\log_2{x}\] \[\frac{1}{3}\log_2{2}+\frac{1}{3}\log_2{x}=\frac{1}{4}\log_2{x}\] We get $x=\frac{1}{16}$. Verifying that the common ratio is positive, we find the answer of $\boxed{017}$.

~QIDb602


Solution 6

If the numbers are in a geometric sequence, the middle term must be the geometric mean of the surrounding terms. We can rewrite the first two logarithmic expressions as $\frac{1+\log_2{x}}{3}$ and $\frac{1}{2}\log_2{x}$, respectively. Therefore: \[\frac{1}{2}\log_2{x}=\sqrt{\left(\frac{1+\log_2{x}}{3}\right)\left(\log_2{x}\right)}\] Let $n=\log_2{x}$. We can rewrite the expression as: \[\frac{n}{2}=\sqrt{\frac{n(n+1)}{3}}\] \[\frac{n^2}{4}=\frac{n(n+1)}{3}\] \[4n(n+1)=3n^2\] \[4n^2+4n=3n^2\] \[n^2+4n=0\] \[n(n+4)=0\] \[n=0 \text{ and } -4\] Zero does not work in this case, so we consider $n=-4$: $\log_2{x}=-4 \rightarrow x=\frac{1}{16}$. Therefore, $1+16=\boxed{017}$.

~Bowser498

Solution 7

Again, by the Change of Base Formula, obtain that the common ratio is 2. If we let $y$ be the exponent of $\log_8 (2x)$, then we have $8^y=2x;\:4^{2y}=x;\:2^{4y}=x.$ Wee can then divide the first equation by two to have the right side be $x$. Also, $2^{4y}=\left(2^{4}\right)^y=16^y$. Setting this equal to $\frac{8^y}{2}$, we can divide the two equations to get $2^y=\frac12$. Therefore, $y=-1$. After that, we can raise $16$ to the $-1$th power to get $x=16^{-1}\Rightarrow x=\frac1{16}$. We then get our sum of $1+16=\boxed{\textbf{017}}$.

~SweetMango77

Solution 8 (Official MAA)

By the Change of Base Formula the common ratio of the progression is\[\frac{\log_2 x}{\log_4 x} = \frac{\hphantom{m}\log_2x\hphantom{m}}{\frac{\log_2x}{\log_24}} = 2.\]Hence $x$ must satisfy\[2=\frac{\log_4 x}{\log_8 (2x)}= \frac{\log_2 x}{\log_2 4} \div \frac{\log_2(2x)}{\log_28} = \frac 32\cdot \frac{\log_2x}{1+\log_2x}.\]This is equivalent to $4 + 4\log_2x = 3\log_2x$. Hence $\log_2x = -4$ and $x = \frac{1}{16}$. The requested sum is $1+16 = 17$.

Video Solutions

https://youtu.be/nPL7nUXnRbo (Unavailable)

Aarav Navani: https://youtu.be/4FvYVfhhTaQ

Mathematica De Estremo: https://youtu.be/FgrIgCyGVUI

https://youtu.be/mgRNqSDCvgM?t=281s (Unavailable)

See Also

2020 AIME I (Problems • Answer Key • Resources)
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Problem 3
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