Difference between revisions of "1986 AIME Problems/Problem 9"
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== Problem == | == Problem == | ||
− | In <math> | + | In <math>\triangle ABC</math>, <math>AB= 425</math>, <math>BC=450</math>, and <math>AC=510</math>. An interior [[point]] <math>P</math> is then drawn, and [[segment]]s are drawn through <math>P</math> [[parallel]] to the sides of the [[triangle]]. If these three segments are of an equal length <math>d</math>, find <math>d</math>. |
+ | |||
+ | __TOC__ | ||
== Solution == | == Solution == | ||
− | {{solution}} | + | === Solution 1 === |
+ | <center><asy> | ||
+ | size(200); | ||
+ | pathpen = black; pointpen = black +linewidth(0.6); pen s = fontsize(10); | ||
+ | pair C=(0,0),A=(510,0),B=IP(circle(C,450),circle(A,425)); | ||
+ | /* construct remaining points */ | ||
+ | pair Da=IP(Circle(A,289),A--B),E=IP(Circle(C,324),B--C),Ea=IP(Circle(B,270),B--C); | ||
+ | pair D=IP(Ea--(Ea+A-C),A--B),F=IP(Da--(Da+C-B),A--C),Fa=IP(E--(E+A-B),A--C); | ||
+ | D(MP("A",A,s)--MP("B",B,N,s)--MP("C",C,s)--cycle); | ||
+ | dot(MP("D",D,NE,s));dot(MP("E",E,NW,s));dot(MP("F",F,s));dot(MP("D'",Da,NE,s));dot(MP("E'",Ea,NW,s));dot(MP("F'",Fa,s)); | ||
+ | D(D--Ea);D(Da--F);D(Fa--E); | ||
+ | MP("450",(B+C)/2,NW);MP("425",(A+B)/2,NE);MP("510",(A+C)/2); | ||
+ | /*P copied from above solution*/ | ||
+ | pair P = IP(D--Ea,E--Fa); dot(MP("P",P,N)); | ||
+ | </asy></center> <!-- Asymptote replacement for Image:1986_AIME-9.png by azjps --> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Let the points at which the segments hit the triangle be called <math>D, D', E, E', F, F'</math> as shown above. As a result of the lines being parallel, all three smaller triangles and the larger triangle are [[similar triangles|similar]] (<math>\triangle ABC \sim \triangle DPD' \sim \triangle PEE' \sim \triangle F'PF</math>). The remaining three sections are [[parallelogram]]s. | ||
+ | |||
+ | By similar triangles, <math>BE'=\frac{d}{510}\cdot450=\frac{15}{17}d</math> and <math>EC=\frac{d}{425}\cdot450=\frac{18}{17}d</math>. Since <math>FD'=BC-EE'</math>, we have <math>900-\frac{33}{17}d=d</math>, so <math>d=\boxed{306}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Solution 2 === | ||
+ | <asy> | ||
+ | size(200); | ||
+ | pathpen = black; pointpen = black +linewidth(0.6); pen s = fontsize(10); | ||
+ | pair C=(0,0),A=(510,0),B=IP(circle(C,450),circle(A,425)); | ||
+ | /* construct remaining points */ | ||
+ | pair Da=IP(Circle(A,289),A--B),E=IP(Circle(C,324),B--C),Ea=IP(Circle(B,270),B--C); | ||
+ | pair D=IP(Ea--(Ea+A-C),A--B),F=IP(Da--(Da+C-B),A--C),Fa=IP(E--(E+A-B),A--C); | ||
+ | /* Construct P */ | ||
+ | pair P = IP(D--Ea,E--Fa); dot(MP("P",P,NE)); | ||
+ | pair X = IP(L(A,P,4), B--C); dot(MP("X",X,NW)); | ||
+ | pair Y = IP(L(B,P,4), C--A); dot(MP("Y",Y,NE)); | ||
+ | pair Z = IP(L(C,P,4), A--B); dot(MP("Z",Z,N)); | ||
+ | |||
+ | D(A--X); D(B--Y); D(C--Z); | ||
+ | D(MP("A",A,s)--MP("B",B,N,s)--MP("C",C,s)--cycle); | ||
+ | MP("450",(B+C)/2,NW);MP("425",(A+B)/2,NE);MP("510",(A+C)/2); | ||
+ | </asy> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Construct cevians <math>AX</math>, <math>BY</math> and <math>CZ</math> through <math>P</math>. Place masses of <math>x,y,z</math> on <math>A</math>, <math>B</math> and <math>C</math> respectively; then <math>P</math> has mass <math>x+y+z</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Notice that <math>Z</math> has mass <math>x+y</math>. On the other hand, by similar triangles, <math>\frac{CP}{CZ} = \frac{d}{AB}</math>. Hence by mass points we find that <cmath> \frac{x+y}{x+y+z} = \frac{d}{AB} </cmath> Similarly, we obtain <cmath> \frac{y+z}{x+y+z} = \frac{d}{BC} \qquad \text{and} \qquad \frac{z+x}{x+y+z} = \frac{d}{CA} </cmath> Summing these three equations yields <cmath> \frac{d}{AB} + \frac{d}{BC} + \frac{d}{CA} = \frac{x+y}{x+y+z} + \frac{y+z}{x+y+z} + \frac{z+x}{x+y+z} = \frac{2x+2y+2z}{x+y+z} = 2 </cmath> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Hence, <center><math> d = \frac{2}{\frac{1}{AB} + \frac{1}{BC} + \frac{1}{CA}} = \frac{2}{\frac{1}{510} + \frac{1}{450} + \frac{1}{425}} = \frac{10}{\frac{1}{85}+\frac{1}{90}+\frac{1}{102}}</math><math>= \frac{10}{\frac{1}{5}\left(\frac{1}{17}+\frac{1}{18}\right)+\frac{1}{102}}=\frac{10}{\frac{1}{5}\cdot\frac{35}{306}+\frac{3}{306}}=\frac{10}{\frac{10}{306}} = \boxed{306}</math></center> | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Solution 3 === | ||
+ | <center><asy> | ||
+ | size(200); | ||
+ | pathpen = black; | ||
+ | pointpen = black + linewidth(0.6); | ||
+ | pen s = fontsize(10); | ||
+ | |||
+ | // Define points | ||
+ | pair C = (0,0), A = (510,0); | ||
+ | pair B = IP(circle(C,450),circle(A,425)); | ||
+ | |||
+ | // Construct remaining points | ||
+ | pair Da = IP(circle(A,289),A--B); | ||
+ | pair E = IP(circle(C,324),B--C); | ||
+ | pair Ea = IP(circle(B,270),B--C); | ||
+ | pair D = IP(Ea--(Ea+A-C),A--B); | ||
+ | pair F = IP(Da--(Da+C-B),A--C); | ||
+ | pair Fa = IP(E--(E+A-B),A--C); | ||
+ | |||
+ | // Draw the main triangle | ||
+ | draw(A--B--C--cycle); | ||
+ | dot(MP("A",A,s)); | ||
+ | dot(MP("B",B,N,s)); | ||
+ | dot(MP("C",C,s)); | ||
+ | |||
+ | // Mark and draw the other points | ||
+ | dot(MP("D",D,NE,s)); | ||
+ | dot(MP("E",E,NW,s)); | ||
+ | dot(MP("F",F,s)); | ||
+ | dot(MP("D'",Da,NE,s)); | ||
+ | dot(MP("E'",Ea,NW,s)); | ||
+ | dot(MP("F'",Fa,s)); | ||
+ | |||
+ | // Draw connecting lines | ||
+ | draw(D--Ea); | ||
+ | draw(Da--F); | ||
+ | draw(Fa--E); | ||
+ | |||
+ | // Label distances | ||
+ | label("450", (B+C)/2, NW); | ||
+ | label("425", (A+B)/2, NE); | ||
+ | label("510", (A+C)/2, S); | ||
+ | |||
+ | // Additional point P | ||
+ | pair P = IP(D--Ea, E--Fa); | ||
+ | dot(MP("P",P,N)); | ||
+ | </asy></center> <!-- Asymptote replacement for Image:1986_AIME-9.png by azjps --> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Let the points at which the segments hit the triangle be called <math>D, D', E, E', F, F'</math> as shown above. As a result of the lines being parallel, all three smaller triangles and the larger triangle are [[similar triangles|similar]] (<math>\triangle ABC \sim \triangle DD'P \sim \triangle PEE' \sim \triangle F'PF</math>). The remaining three sections are [[parallelogram]]s. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since <math>PDAF'</math> is a parallelogram, we find <math>PF' = AD</math>, and similarly <math>PE = BD'</math>. So <math>d = PF' + PE = AD + BD' = 425 - DD'</math>. Thus <math>DD' = 425 - d</math>. By the same logic, <math>EE' = 450 - d</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since <math>\triangle DPD' \sim \triangle ABC</math>, we have the [[proportion]]: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <center><math>\frac{425-d}{425} = \frac{PD}{510} \Longrightarrow PD = 510 - \frac{510}{425}d = 510 - \frac{6}{5}d</math></center> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Doing the same with <math>\triangle PEE'</math>, we find that <math>PE' =510 - \frac{17}{15}d</math>. Now, <math>d = PD + PE' = 510 - \frac{6}{5}d + 510 - \frac{17}{15}d \Longrightarrow d\left(\frac{50}{15}\right) = 1020 \Longrightarrow d = \boxed{306}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Solution 4 === | ||
+ | Define the points the same as above. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Let <math>[CE'PF] = a</math>, <math>[E'EP] = b</math>, <math>[BEPD'] = c</math>, <math>[D'PD] = d</math>, <math>[DAF'P] = e</math> and <math>[F'D'P] = f</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | The key theorem we apply here is that the ratio of the areas of 2 similar triangles is the ratio of a pair of corresponding sides squared. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Let the length of the segment be <math>x</math> and the area of the triangle be <math>A</math>, using the theorem, we get: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>\frac {d + e + f}{A} = \left(\frac {x}{BC}\right)^2</math>, <math>\frac {b + c + d}{A}= \left(\frac {x}{AC}\right)^2</math>, <math>\frac {a + b + f}{A} = \left(\frac {x}{AB}\right)^2</math>. | ||
+ | Adding all these together and using <math>a + b + c + d + e + f = A</math> we get | ||
+ | <math>\frac {f + d + b}{A} + 1 = x^2 \cdot \left(\frac {1}{BC^2} + \frac {1}{AC^2} + \frac {1}{AB^2}\right)</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Using [[corresponding angles]] from parallel lines, it is easy to show that <math>\triangle ABC \sim \triangle F'PF</math>; since <math>ADPF'</math> and <math>CFPE'</math> are parallelograms, it is easy to show that <math>FF' = AC - x</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Now we have the side length [[ratio]], so we have the area ratio | ||
+ | <math>\frac {f}{A} = \left(\frac {AC - x}{AC}\right)^2 = \left(1 - \frac {x}{AC}\right)^2</math>. By symmetry, we have | ||
+ | <math>\frac {d}{A} = \left(1 - \frac {x}{AB}\right)^2</math> and <math>\frac {b}{A} = \left(1 - \frac {x}{BC}\right)^2</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Substituting these into our initial equation, we have | ||
+ | <math>1 + \sum_{cyc}\left(1 - \frac {x}{AB}\right) - \frac {x^2}{AB^2} = 0</math> | ||
+ | <math>\implies 1 + \sum_{cyc}1 - 2 \cdot \frac {x}{AB} = 0</math> | ||
+ | <math>\implies \frac {2}{\frac {1}{AB} + \frac {1}{BC} + \frac {1}{CA}} = x</math> | ||
+ | and the answer follows after some hideous computation. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ===Solution 5=== | ||
+ | Refer to the diagram in solution 2; let <math>a^2=[E'EP]</math>, <math>b^2=[D'DP]</math>, and <math>c^2=[F'FP]</math>. Now, note that <math>[E'BD]</math>, <math>[D'DP]</math>, and <math>[E'EP]</math> are similar, so through some similarities we find that <math>\frac{E'P}{PD}=\frac{a}{b}\implies\frac{E'D}{PD}=\frac{a+b}{b}\implies[E'BD]=b^2\left(\frac{a+b}{b}\right)^2=(a+b)^2</math>. Similarly, we find that <math>[D'AF]=(b+c)^2</math> and <math>[F'CE]=(c+a)^2</math>, so <math>[ABC]=(a+b+c)^2</math>. Now, again from similarity, it follows that <math>\frac{d}{510}=\frac{a+b}{a+b+c}</math>, <math>\frac{d}{450}=\frac{b+c}{a+b+c}</math>, and <math>\frac{d}{425}=\frac{c+a}{a+b+c}</math>, so adding these together, simplifying, and solving gives <math>d=\frac{2}{\frac{1}{425}+\frac{1}{450}+\frac{1}{510}}=\frac{10}{\frac{1}{85}+\frac{1}{90}+\frac{1}{102}}=\frac{10}{\frac{1}{5}\left(\frac{1}{17}+\frac{1}{18}\right)+\frac{1}{102}}=\frac{10}{\frac{1}{5}\cdot\frac{35}{306}+\frac{3}{306}}</math> | ||
+ | <math>=\frac{10}{\frac{10}{306}}=\boxed{306}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Solution 6 === | ||
+ | <center><asy> | ||
+ | size(200); | ||
+ | pathpen = black; pointpen = black +linewidth(0.6); pen s = fontsize(10); | ||
+ | pair C=(0,0),A=(510,0),B=IP(circle(C,450),circle(A,425)); | ||
+ | /* construct remaining points */ | ||
+ | pair Da=IP(Circle(A,289),A--B),E=IP(Circle(C,324),B--C),Ea=IP(Circle(B,270),B--C); | ||
+ | pair D=IP(Ea--(Ea+A-C),A--B),F=IP(Da--(Da+C-B),A--C),Fa=IP(E--(E+A-B),A--C); | ||
+ | D(MP("A",A,s)--MP("B",B,N,s)--MP("C",C,s)--cycle); | ||
+ | dot(MP("D",D,NE,s));dot(MP("E",E,NW,s));dot(MP("F",F,s));dot(MP("D'",Da,NE,s));dot(MP("E'",Ea,NW,s));dot(MP("F'",Fa,s)); | ||
+ | D(D--Ea);D(Da--F);D(Fa--E); | ||
+ | MP("450",(B+C)/2,NW);MP("425",(A+B)/2,NE);MP("510",(A+C)/2); | ||
+ | /*P copied from above solution*/ | ||
+ | pair P = IP(D--Ea,E--Fa); dot(MP("P",P,N)); | ||
+ | </asy></center> <!-- Asymptote replacement for Image:1986_AIME-9.png by azjps --> | ||
+ | Refer to the diagram above. Notice that because <math>CE'PF</math>, <math>AF'PD</math>, and <math>BD'PE</math> are parallelograms, <math>\overline{DD'} = 425-d</math>, <math>\overline{EE'} = 450-d</math>, and <math>\overline{FF'} = 510-d</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Let <math>F'P = x</math>. Then, because <math>\triangle ABC \sim \triangle F'PF</math>, <math>\frac{AB}{AC}=\frac{F'P}{F'F}</math>, so <math>\frac{425}{510}=\frac{x}{510-d}</math>. Simplifying the LHS and cross-multiplying, we have <math>6x=2550-5d</math>. From the same triangles, we can find that <math>FP=\frac{18}{17}x</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>\triangle PEE'</math> is also similar to <math>\triangle F'PF</math>. Since <math>EF'=d</math>, <math>EP=d-x</math>. We now have <math>\frac{PE}{EE'}=\frac{F'P}{FP}</math>, and <math>\frac{d-x}{450-d}=\frac{17}{18}</math>. Cross multiplying, we have <math>18d-18x=450 \cdot 17-17d</math>. Using the previous equation to substitute for <math>x</math>, we have: <cmath>18d-3\cdot2550+15d=450\cdot17-17d</cmath> This is a linear equation in one variable, and we can solve to get <math>d=\boxed{306}</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | *I did not show the multiplication in the last equation because most of it cancels out when solving. | ||
+ | |||
+ | (Note: I chose <math>F'P</math> to be <math>x</math> only because that is what I had written when originally solving. The solution would work with other choices for <math>x</math>.) | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Video Solution by OmegaLearn == | ||
+ | https://youtu.be/FWmrHV1dWPM?t=396 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ~ pi_is_3.14 | ||
+ | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
{{AIME box|year=1986|num-b=8|num-a=10}} | {{AIME box|year=1986|num-b=8|num-a=10}} | ||
− | + | ||
− | + | [[Category:Intermediate Geometry Problems]] | |
− | + | {{MAA Notice}} |
Revision as of 12:08, 29 July 2024
Problem
In , , , and . An interior point is then drawn, and segments are drawn through parallel to the sides of the triangle. If these three segments are of an equal length , find .
Contents
[hide]Solution
Solution 1
Let the points at which the segments hit the triangle be called as shown above. As a result of the lines being parallel, all three smaller triangles and the larger triangle are similar (). The remaining three sections are parallelograms.
By similar triangles, and . Since , we have , so .
Solution 2
Construct cevians , and through . Place masses of on , and respectively; then has mass .
Notice that has mass . On the other hand, by similar triangles, . Hence by mass points we find that Similarly, we obtain Summing these three equations yields
Hence,
Solution 3
Let the points at which the segments hit the triangle be called as shown above. As a result of the lines being parallel, all three smaller triangles and the larger triangle are similar (). The remaining three sections are parallelograms.
Since is a parallelogram, we find , and similarly . So . Thus . By the same logic, .
Since , we have the proportion:
Doing the same with , we find that . Now, .
Solution 4
Define the points the same as above.
Let , , , , and
The key theorem we apply here is that the ratio of the areas of 2 similar triangles is the ratio of a pair of corresponding sides squared.
Let the length of the segment be and the area of the triangle be , using the theorem, we get:
, , . Adding all these together and using we get
Using corresponding angles from parallel lines, it is easy to show that ; since and are parallelograms, it is easy to show that
Now we have the side length ratio, so we have the area ratio . By symmetry, we have and
Substituting these into our initial equation, we have and the answer follows after some hideous computation.
Solution 5
Refer to the diagram in solution 2; let , , and . Now, note that , , and are similar, so through some similarities we find that . Similarly, we find that and , so . Now, again from similarity, it follows that , , and , so adding these together, simplifying, and solving gives .
Solution 6
Refer to the diagram above. Notice that because , , and are parallelograms, , , and .
Let . Then, because , , so . Simplifying the LHS and cross-multiplying, we have . From the same triangles, we can find that .
is also similar to . Since , . We now have , and . Cross multiplying, we have . Using the previous equation to substitute for , we have: This is a linear equation in one variable, and we can solve to get
- I did not show the multiplication in the last equation because most of it cancels out when solving.
(Note: I chose to be only because that is what I had written when originally solving. The solution would work with other choices for .)
Video Solution by OmegaLearn
https://youtu.be/FWmrHV1dWPM?t=396
~ pi_is_3.14
See also
1986 AIME (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 8 |
Followed by Problem 10 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 | ||
All AIME Problems and Solutions |
The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.