Difference between revisions of "2010 AIME II Problems/Problem 11"
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== Solution == | == Solution == | ||
+ | === Solution 1 === | ||
The <i>T-grid</i> can be consider as a tic-tac-toe board: five <math>1</math>'s and four <math>0</math>'s. | The <i>T-grid</i> can be consider as a tic-tac-toe board: five <math>1</math>'s and four <math>0</math>'s. | ||
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Thus, the answer is <math>126-22-36=\boxed{068}</math> | Thus, the answer is <math>126-22-36=\boxed{068}</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | === Solution 2 === | ||
+ | |||
+ | We can use generating functions to compute the case that no row or column is completely filled with <math>1</math>'s. Given a row, let <math>a</math>, <math>b</math>, <math>c</math> be the events that the first, second, third respective squares are <math>1</math>'s. Then the generating function representing the possible events that exclude a row of <math>1,1,1</math> or <math>0,0,0</math> from occuring is | ||
+ | <cmath>ab+bc+ca+a+b+c.</cmath> | ||
+ | Therefore, the generating function representing the possible grids where no row is filled with <math>0</math>'s and <math>1</math>'s is | ||
+ | <cmath>P(a,b,c)=((ab+bc+ca)+(a+b+c))^3.</cmath> | ||
+ | We expand this by the Binomial Theorem to find | ||
+ | <cmath>P(a,b,c)=(ab+bc+ca)^3+3(ab+bc+ca)^2(a+b+c)+3(ab+bc+ca)(a+b+c)^2+(a+b+c)^3.</cmath> | ||
+ | Recall that our grid has five <math>1</math>'s, hence we only want terms where the sum of the exponents is <math>5</math>. This is given by | ||
+ | <cmath>3(ab+bc+ca)^2(a+b+c).</cmath> | ||
+ | When we expand this, we find | ||
+ | <cmath>3(2abc(a+b+c)+a^2b^2+b^2c^2+c^2a^2)(a+b+c).</cmath> | ||
+ | We also want to make sure that each of <math>a</math>, <math>b</math>, <math>c</math> appears at least once (so there is no column filled with <math>0</math>'s) and the power of each of <math>a</math>, <math>b</math>, <math>c</math> is not greater than or equal to <math>3</math> (so there is no column filled with <math>1</math>'s). The sum of the coefficients of the above polynomial is clearly <math>81</math> (using <math>a,b,c=1</math>), and the sum of the coefficients of the terms <math>a^3bc</math>, <math>ab^3c</math>, and <math>abc^3</math> is <math>6+6+6+3+3+3+3+3+3=36</math>, hence the sum of the coefficients of the desired terms is <math>81-36=45</math>. This counts the number of grids where no column or row is filled with <math>0</math>'s or <math>1</math>'s. However, we could potentially have both diagonals filled with <math>1</math>'s, but this is the only exception to our <math>45</math> possibilities, hence the number of <math>T</math>-grids with no row or column filled with the same digit is <math>44</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | On the other hand, if a row (column) is filled with <math>0</math>'s, then by the Pigeonhole Principle, another row (column) must be filled with <math>1</math>'s. Hence this is impossible, so all other possible <math>T</math>-grids have a row (column) filled with <math>1</math>'s. If the top row is filled with <math>1</math>'s, then we have two <math>1</math>'s left to place. Clearly they cannot go in the same row, because then the other row is filled with <math>0</math>'s. They also cannot appear in the same column. This leaves <math>3\cdot 2</math> arrangements--3 choices for the location of the <math>1</math> in the second row, and 2 choices for the location of the <math>1</math> in the last row. However, two of these arrangements will fill a diagonal with <math>1</math>'s. Hence there are only <math>4</math> <math>T</math>-grids where the top row is filled with <math>1</math>'s. The same argument applies if any other row or column is filled with <math>1</math>'s. Hence there are <math>4\cdot 6=24</math> such <math>T</math>-grids. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Thus the answer is <math>44+24=\boxed{68}</math>. | ||
== See also == | == See also == |
Revision as of 18:52, 7 June 2016
Contents
[hide]Problem
Define a T-grid to be a matrix which satisfies the following two properties:
- Exactly five of the entries are 's, and the remaining four entries are 's.
- Among the eight rows, columns, and long diagonals (the long diagonals are and , no more than one of the eight has all three entries equal.
Find the number of distinct T-grids.
Solution
Solution 1
The T-grid can be consider as a tic-tac-toe board: five 's and four 's.
There are ways to fill the board with five 's and four 's. Now we need to subtract the number of bad grids.
Let three-in-a-row/column/diagonal be a "win" and let player be the one that fills in and player fills in .
Case : Each player wins once.
If player takes a diagonal, the other cannot win, and if either takes a row/column, all column/row are blocked, so they either both take a row or both take a column.
- Both takes a row:
- ways for player to pick a row,
- ways for player ,
- ways for player to take a single box in the remaining row.
There are cases.
- Both takes a column: Using similar reasoning, there are cases.
Case : cases
Case : Player wins twice.
- A row and a column
- ways to pick the row,
- to pick the column.
There are cases
- A row/column and a diagonal
- ways to pick the row/column,
- to pick the diagonal.
There are cases
- 2 diagonals It is clear that there is only case.
Case total:
Thus, the answer is
Solution 2
We can use generating functions to compute the case that no row or column is completely filled with 's. Given a row, let , , be the events that the first, second, third respective squares are 's. Then the generating function representing the possible events that exclude a row of or from occuring is Therefore, the generating function representing the possible grids where no row is filled with 's and 's is We expand this by the Binomial Theorem to find Recall that our grid has five 's, hence we only want terms where the sum of the exponents is . This is given by When we expand this, we find We also want to make sure that each of , , appears at least once (so there is no column filled with 's) and the power of each of , , is not greater than or equal to (so there is no column filled with 's). The sum of the coefficients of the above polynomial is clearly (using ), and the sum of the coefficients of the terms , , and is , hence the sum of the coefficients of the desired terms is . This counts the number of grids where no column or row is filled with 's or 's. However, we could potentially have both diagonals filled with 's, but this is the only exception to our possibilities, hence the number of -grids with no row or column filled with the same digit is .
On the other hand, if a row (column) is filled with 's, then by the Pigeonhole Principle, another row (column) must be filled with 's. Hence this is impossible, so all other possible -grids have a row (column) filled with 's. If the top row is filled with 's, then we have two 's left to place. Clearly they cannot go in the same row, because then the other row is filled with 's. They also cannot appear in the same column. This leaves arrangements--3 choices for the location of the in the second row, and 2 choices for the location of the in the last row. However, two of these arrangements will fill a diagonal with 's. Hence there are only -grids where the top row is filled with 's. The same argument applies if any other row or column is filled with 's. Hence there are such -grids.
Thus the answer is .
See also
2010 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 10 |
Followed by Problem 12 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 | ||
All AIME Problems and Solutions |
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