Difference between revisions of "2015 AMC 10A Problems/Problem 22"
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<math>\textbf{(A)}\dfrac{47}{256}\qquad\textbf{(B)}\dfrac{3}{16}\qquad\textbf{(C) }\dfrac{49}{256}\qquad\textbf{(D) }\dfrac{25}{128}\qquad\textbf{(E) }\dfrac{51}{256} </math> | <math>\textbf{(A)}\dfrac{47}{256}\qquad\textbf{(B)}\dfrac{3}{16}\qquad\textbf{(C) }\dfrac{49}{256}\qquad\textbf{(D) }\dfrac{25}{128}\qquad\textbf{(E) }\dfrac{51}{256} </math> | ||
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− | + | ==Solution 1== | |
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We will count how many valid standing arrangements there are (counting rotations as distinct), and divide by <math>2^8 = 256</math> at the end. We casework on how many people are standing. | We will count how many valid standing arrangements there are (counting rotations as distinct), and divide by <math>2^8 = 256</math> at the end. We casework on how many people are standing. | ||
Line 27: | Line 17: | ||
Case <math>3:</math> <math>2</math> people are standing. This yields <math>\dbinom{8}{2} - 8 = 20</math> arrangements, because the two people cannot be next to each other. | Case <math>3:</math> <math>2</math> people are standing. This yields <math>\dbinom{8}{2} - 8 = 20</math> arrangements, because the two people cannot be next to each other. | ||
− | Case <math> | + | Case <math>5:</math> <math>4</math> people are standing. Then the people must be arranged in stand-sit-stand-sit-stand-sit-stand-sit fashion, yielding <math>2</math> possible arrangements. |
More difficult is: | More difficult is: | ||
− | Case <math> | + | Case <math>4:</math> <math>3</math> people are standing. First, choose the location of the first person standing (<math>8</math> choices). Next, choose <math>2</math> of the remaining people in the remaining <math>5</math> legal seats to stand, amounting to <math>6</math> arrangements considering that these two people cannot stand next to each other. However, we have to divide by <math>3,</math> because there are <math>3</math> ways to choose the first person given any three. This yields <math>\dfrac{8 \cdot 6}{3} = 16</math> arrangements for Case <math>4.</math> |
− | Alternate Case <math> | + | Alternate Case <math>4:</math> Use complementary counting. Total number of ways to choose 3 people from 8 which is <math>\dbinom{8}{3}</math>. Sub-case <math>1:</math> three people are next to each other which is <math>\dbinom{8}{1}</math>. Sub-case <math>2:</math> two people are next to each other and the third person is not <math>\dbinom{8}{1}</math> <math>\dbinom{4}{1}</math>. This yields <math>\dbinom{8}{3} - \dbinom{8}{1} - \dbinom{8}{1} \dbinom{4}{1} = 16</math> |
Summing gives <math>1 + 8 + 20 + 2 + 16 = 47,</math> and so our probability is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A) } \dfrac{47}{256}}</math>. | Summing gives <math>1 + 8 + 20 + 2 + 16 = 47,</math> and so our probability is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A) } \dfrac{47}{256}}</math>. | ||
− | ===Solution | + | Alternate: (Quicksolve) - We know that for case 5, there are 8 ways to choose the first person, and 3 ways to choose the first person given any 3 - which means that for the case, there is 8 * something divided by 3. The sum of the other cases is 31/256. Thus, add a multiple of 8 to 31 to get an answer. The options are 31 + 8 = 39, 31 + 16 = 47, 31 + 24 = 55, etc. The only possible answer is 47/256. |
+ | |||
+ | ==Solution 2== | ||
We will count how many valid standing arrangements there are counting rotations as distinct and divide by <math>256</math> at the end. | We will count how many valid standing arrangements there are counting rotations as distinct and divide by <math>256</math> at the end. | ||
Line up all <math>8</math> people linearly. In order for no two people standing to be adjacent, we will place a sitting person to the right of each standing person. In effect, each standing person requires <math>2</math> spaces and the standing people are separated by sitting people. We just need to determine the number of combinations of pairs and singles and the problem becomes very similar to pirates and gold aka stars and bars aka sticks and stones aka balls and urns. | Line up all <math>8</math> people linearly. In order for no two people standing to be adjacent, we will place a sitting person to the right of each standing person. In effect, each standing person requires <math>2</math> spaces and the standing people are separated by sitting people. We just need to determine the number of combinations of pairs and singles and the problem becomes very similar to pirates and gold aka stars and bars aka sticks and stones aka balls and urns. | ||
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Together we have <math>34+13=47</math>, and so our probability is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A) } \dfrac{47}{256}}</math>. | Together we have <math>34+13=47</math>, and so our probability is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A) } \dfrac{47}{256}}</math>. | ||
− | + | == Solution 3 (Recursion) == | |
− | + | Because the denominator is always <math>256</math>, we can count the numerator with a recursion. Define <math>c_n</math> and <math>r_n</math> as the number of satisfying arrangements on a circle and row with <math>n</math> seats, respectively. | |
+ | |||
+ | Then, observe that <cmath>c_n=r_{n-1}+r_{n-3}</cmath> <cmath>r_n=r_{n-1}+r_{n-2}</cmath> | ||
+ | (From casework on whether the <math>n</math>th position has <math>T</math> or <math>H</math>.). | ||
+ | |||
+ | Because <math>r_0=1, r_1=2</math>, we can continue to write out each <math>r_i</math> and hence find <math>c_8=47</math>. Our answer is then <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A) } \dfrac{47}{256}}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Solution 4 (Recursion)== | ||
+ | |||
+ | We know that the denominator of the probability is <math>2^8=256</math>. So now we only have to calculate the numerator, which is the number of arrangements for <math>8</math> people at a round table without <math>2</math> or more neighboring people standing. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Denote <math>a_n</math> as number of arrangements for <math>n</math> people at a round table without <math>2</math> or more neighboring people standing. We can see that <math>a_2=3</math>, <math>a_3=4</math>, we are going to prove <math>a_n=a_{n-1}+a_{n-2}</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | We use <math>1</math> to represent standing people, and <math>0</math> as sitting people. The problem becomes arranging <math>n</math> numbers of <math>0</math> or <math>1</math> around a circle with no consecutive <math>1</math>'s. | ||
+ | |||
+ | We elect one person as the chairman, let him be <math>p_1</math>, the first element in this circular sequence. | ||
+ | There are <math>2</math> cases to generate the arrangement of <math>n</math> numbers. | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>Case</math> <math>1:</math> From the arrangement of <math>n-1</math> numbers, add <math>1</math> more number <math>p_n</math> counter-clockwise next to <math>p_1</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | If <math>p_1=1</math>, <math>p_{n-1}p_np_1</math> is <math>001</math>, as the diagram shows: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <asy> | ||
+ | draw(circle((0, 0), 5)); | ||
+ | pair A, B, C; | ||
+ | A=(0, 5); | ||
+ | B=rotate(72)*A; | ||
+ | C=rotate(144)*A; | ||
+ | label("$p_1=1$", A, N); | ||
+ | label("$p_n=0$", B, NW); | ||
+ | label("$p_{n-1}=0$", C, SW); | ||
+ | </asy> | ||
+ | |||
+ | If <math>p_1=0</math>, <math>p_{n-1}p_np_1</math> is <math>X00</math>, <math>X</math> could be <math>0</math> or <math>1</math>, as the diagram shows: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <asy> | ||
+ | draw(circle((0, 0), 5)); | ||
+ | pair A, B, C; | ||
+ | A=(0, 5); | ||
+ | B=rotate(72)*A; | ||
+ | C=rotate(144)*A; | ||
+ | label("$p_1=0$", A, N); | ||
+ | label("$p_n=0$", B, NW); | ||
+ | label("$p_{n-1}=X$", C, SW); | ||
+ | </asy> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>Case</math> <math>2:</math> From the arrangement of <math>n-2</math> numbers, add <math>2</math> more numbers <math>p_{n-1}</math> and <math>p_n</math> counter-clockwise next to <math>p_1</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | If <math>p_1=1</math>, then <math>p_{n-2}=0</math>, let <math>p_{n-1}=1, p_n=0</math>, <math>p_{n-1}p_np_1</math> is <math>101</math>, as the diagram shows: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <asy> | ||
+ | draw(circle((0, 0), 5)); | ||
+ | pair A, B, C; | ||
+ | A=(0, 5); | ||
+ | B=rotate(72)*A; | ||
+ | C=rotate(144)*A; | ||
+ | label("$p_1=1$", A, N); | ||
+ | label("$p_n=0$", B, NW); | ||
+ | label("$p_{n-1}=1$", C, SW); | ||
+ | </asy> | ||
+ | |||
+ | If <math>p_1=0</math>, then <math>p_{n-2}</math> could be <math>0</math> or <math>1</math>. Let <math>p_{n-1}=0, p_n=1</math>, <math>p_{n-1}p_np_1</math> is <math>010</math>, as the diagram shows: | ||
+ | |||
+ | <asy> | ||
+ | draw(circle((0, 0), 5)); | ||
+ | pair A, B, C; | ||
+ | A=(0, 5); | ||
+ | B=rotate(72)*A; | ||
+ | C=rotate(144)*A; | ||
+ | label("$p_1=0$", A, N); | ||
+ | label("$p_n=1$", B, NW); | ||
+ | label("$p_{n-1}=0$", C, SW); | ||
+ | </asy> | ||
+ | |||
+ | From the above <math>2</math> cases and the <math>4</math> diagrams, the arrangements of <math>p_{n-1}p_np_1</math> are mutually exclusive collectively exhaustive, so <math>a_{n}=a_{n-1}+a_{n-2}</math> | ||
+ | <math>a_2=3</math> | ||
+ | <math>a_3=4</math> | ||
+ | <math>a_4=7</math> | ||
+ | <math>a_5=11</math> | ||
+ | <math>a_6=18</math> | ||
+ | <math>a_7=29</math> | ||
+ | <math>a_8=47</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | The answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A) } \dfrac{47}{256}}</math> | ||
− | + | This sequence of numbers is called [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_number Lucas Number]. | |
− | |||
− | + | ~[https://artofproblemsolving.com/wiki/index.php/User:Isabelchen isabelchen] | |
+ | |||
+ | ==Solution 5 (Recursion)== | ||
+ | Note that there are <math>2^8=256</math> cases in total, so it suffices to find the number of satisfying cases. Define <math>h_n</math> and <math>t_n</math> as sequences of <math>h</math>’s and <math>t</math>’s where no <math>2</math> <math>h</math>’s are adjacent. The sequences will end in <math>h</math> and <math>t</math>, respectively (ignore the fact that they are in a circle for now). | ||
+ | |||
+ | In order for a sequence to end in <math>h</math>, the previous term has to be a <math>t</math>; a sequence with a length of <math>n</math> ending in <math>h</math> is equivalent to adding <math>h</math> to the end of a sequence of length <math>n-1</math> that ends with <math>t</math>. This means <math>h_n=t_{n-1}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | In order for a sequence to end in <math>t</math>, the previous term can be <math>h</math> or <math>t</math>, so <math>t_n=t_{n-1}+h_{n-1}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Now, we have to take account of the circle. Notice that <math>t_n</math> does not depend on if the people are in a circle or not, but <math>h_n</math> does. To guarantee that some sequence that ends with <math>h</math> does not start with <math>h</math>, we have to add a <math>t</math> in the beginning of the sequence. Since there are <math>n-1</math> terms left, there are <math>h_{n-1}</math> sequences which end with <math>h</math> that satisfy the circle condition. | ||
+ | |||
+ | The length of our sequence is <math>8</math>, so we need to find <math>t_8+h_7</math>. Manipulating our recursions, we can find that <math>t_n=t_{n-1}+t_{n-2}</math>. Now, we proceed to find our terms. | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>t_1=1</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>t_2=2</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>t_3=3</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>t_4=5</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>t_5=8</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>t_6=13</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>t_7=21</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | <math>t_8=34</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | Since <math>h_7=t_6</math> due to the fact that <math>h_n=t_{n-1}</math>, our answer is <math>\frac{34+13}{256}=\boxed{\textbf{(A) } \dfrac{47}{256}}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ~kn07 | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Solution 6 (big fas)== | ||
+ | There can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 people standing up. | ||
+ | |||
+ | 0 people standing up : 1 way | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 1 person standing up : 8 ways | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 2 people standing up : 8 for the first, 5 for the second, divide by 2 for double count, 20 ways. | ||
+ | |||
+ | |||
+ | 3 people standing up : we can start drawing, and notice we can only have gaps of (1,1,3) or (2,2,1). Rotating, we get 8+8=16. | ||
− | |||
− | + | 4 people standing up : must be alternating all the way through. 2 ways | |
− | + | <math>1+8+20+16+2 = 47</math>, since there are <math>2^8=256</math> ways total, the answer is <math>\boxed{\textbf{(A)}\frac{47}{256}}</math> | |
− | + | -skibbysiggy | |
− | + | == Video Solution by Richard Rusczyk == | |
− | |||
− | + | https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krlnSWWp0I0 | |
− | |||
== See Also == | == See Also == |
Latest revision as of 14:29, 13 October 2024
- The following problem is from both the 2015 AMC 12A #17 and 2015 AMC 10A #22, so both problems redirect to this page.
Contents
[hide]Problem
Eight people are sitting around a circular table, each holding a fair coin. All eight people flip their coins and those who flip heads stand while those who flip tails remain seated. What is the probability that no two adjacent people will stand?
Solution 1
We will count how many valid standing arrangements there are (counting rotations as distinct), and divide by at the end. We casework on how many people are standing.
Case people are standing. This yields arrangement.
Case person is standing. This yields arrangements.
Case people are standing. This yields arrangements, because the two people cannot be next to each other.
Case people are standing. Then the people must be arranged in stand-sit-stand-sit-stand-sit-stand-sit fashion, yielding possible arrangements.
More difficult is:
Case people are standing. First, choose the location of the first person standing ( choices). Next, choose of the remaining people in the remaining legal seats to stand, amounting to arrangements considering that these two people cannot stand next to each other. However, we have to divide by because there are ways to choose the first person given any three. This yields arrangements for Case
Alternate Case Use complementary counting. Total number of ways to choose 3 people from 8 which is . Sub-case three people are next to each other which is . Sub-case two people are next to each other and the third person is not . This yields
Summing gives and so our probability is .
Alternate: (Quicksolve) - We know that for case 5, there are 8 ways to choose the first person, and 3 ways to choose the first person given any 3 - which means that for the case, there is 8 * something divided by 3. The sum of the other cases is 31/256. Thus, add a multiple of 8 to 31 to get an answer. The options are 31 + 8 = 39, 31 + 16 = 47, 31 + 24 = 55, etc. The only possible answer is 47/256.
Solution 2
We will count how many valid standing arrangements there are counting rotations as distinct and divide by at the end. Line up all people linearly. In order for no two people standing to be adjacent, we will place a sitting person to the right of each standing person. In effect, each standing person requires spaces and the standing people are separated by sitting people. We just need to determine the number of combinations of pairs and singles and the problem becomes very similar to pirates and gold aka stars and bars aka sticks and stones aka balls and urns.
If there are standing, there are ways to place them. For there are ways. etc. Summing, we get ways.
Now we consider that the far right person can be standing as well, so we have ways
Together we have , and so our probability is .
Solution 3 (Recursion)
Because the denominator is always , we can count the numerator with a recursion. Define and as the number of satisfying arrangements on a circle and row with seats, respectively.
Then, observe that (From casework on whether the th position has or .).
Because , we can continue to write out each and hence find . Our answer is then .
Solution 4 (Recursion)
We know that the denominator of the probability is . So now we only have to calculate the numerator, which is the number of arrangements for people at a round table without or more neighboring people standing.
Denote as number of arrangements for people at a round table without or more neighboring people standing. We can see that , , we are going to prove
We use to represent standing people, and as sitting people. The problem becomes arranging numbers of or around a circle with no consecutive 's.
We elect one person as the chairman, let him be , the first element in this circular sequence. There are cases to generate the arrangement of numbers.
From the arrangement of numbers, add more number counter-clockwise next to .
If , is , as the diagram shows:
If , is , could be or , as the diagram shows:
From the arrangement of numbers, add more numbers and counter-clockwise next to .
If , then , let , is , as the diagram shows:
If , then could be or . Let , is , as the diagram shows:
From the above cases and the diagrams, the arrangements of are mutually exclusive collectively exhaustive, so
The answer is
This sequence of numbers is called Lucas Number.
Solution 5 (Recursion)
Note that there are cases in total, so it suffices to find the number of satisfying cases. Define and as sequences of ’s and ’s where no ’s are adjacent. The sequences will end in and , respectively (ignore the fact that they are in a circle for now).
In order for a sequence to end in , the previous term has to be a ; a sequence with a length of ending in is equivalent to adding to the end of a sequence of length that ends with . This means .
In order for a sequence to end in , the previous term can be or , so .
Now, we have to take account of the circle. Notice that does not depend on if the people are in a circle or not, but does. To guarantee that some sequence that ends with does not start with , we have to add a in the beginning of the sequence. Since there are terms left, there are sequences which end with that satisfy the circle condition.
The length of our sequence is , so we need to find . Manipulating our recursions, we can find that . Now, we proceed to find our terms.
Since due to the fact that , our answer is .
~kn07
Solution 6 (big fas)
There can be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 people standing up.
0 people standing up : 1 way
1 person standing up : 8 ways
2 people standing up : 8 for the first, 5 for the second, divide by 2 for double count, 20 ways.
3 people standing up : we can start drawing, and notice we can only have gaps of (1,1,3) or (2,2,1). Rotating, we get 8+8=16.
4 people standing up : must be alternating all the way through. 2 ways
, since there are ways total, the answer is
-skibbysiggy
Video Solution by Richard Rusczyk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krlnSWWp0I0
See Also
2015 AMC 10A (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 21 |
Followed by Problem 23 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 | ||
All AMC 10 Problems and Solutions |
2015 AMC 12A (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | |
Preceded by Problem 16 |
Followed by Problem 18 |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 • 16 • 17 • 18 • 19 • 20 • 21 • 22 • 23 • 24 • 25 | |
All AMC 12 Problems and Solutions |
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