Difference between revisions of "2021 AIME II Problems/Problem 5"
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If <math>a,b,</math> and <math>c</math> are the side-lengths of an obtuse triangle with <math>a\leq b\leq c,</math> then both of the following must be satisfied: | If <math>a,b,</math> and <math>c</math> are the side-lengths of an obtuse triangle with <math>a\leq b\leq c,</math> then both of the following must be satisfied: | ||
− | * < | + | * <i>Triangle Inequality Theorem:</i> <math>a+b>c</math> |
− | * < | + | * <i>Pythagorean Inequality Theorem:</i> <math>a^2+b^2<c^2</math> |
For one such obtuse triangle, let <math>4,10,</math> and <math>x</math> be its side-lengths and <math>K</math> be its area. We apply casework to its longest side: | For one such obtuse triangle, let <math>4,10,</math> and <math>x</math> be its side-lengths and <math>K</math> be its area. We apply casework to its longest side: | ||
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Let a triangle in <math>\tau(s)</math> be <math>ABC</math>, where <math>AB = 4</math> and <math>BC = 10</math>. We will proceed with two cases: | Let a triangle in <math>\tau(s)</math> be <math>ABC</math>, where <math>AB = 4</math> and <math>BC = 10</math>. We will proceed with two cases: | ||
− | Case 1: <math>\angle ABC</math> is obtuse. If <math>\angle ABC</math> is obtuse, then, if we imagine <math>AB</math> as the base of our triangle, the height can be anything in the range <math>(0,10 | + | Case 1: <math>\angle ABC</math> is obtuse. If <math>\angle ABC</math> is obtuse, then, if we imagine <math>AB</math> as the base of our triangle, the height can be anything in the range <math>(0,10)</math>; therefore, the area of the triangle will fall in the range of <math>(0, 20)</math>. |
− | Case 2: <math>\angle BAC</math> is obtuse. Then, if we imagine <math>AB</math> as the base of our triangle, the height can be anything in the range <math>(0, \sqrt{10^{2} - 4^{2}} | + | Case 2: <math>\angle BAC</math> is obtuse. Then, if we imagine <math>AB</math> as the base of our triangle, the height can be anything in the range <math>\left(0, \sqrt{10^{2} - 4^{2}}\right)</math>. Therefore, the area of the triangle will fall in the range of <math>\left(0, 2 \sqrt{84}\right)</math>. |
− | If <math>s | + | If <math>s < 2 \sqrt{84}</math>, there will exist two types of triangles in <math>\tau(s)</math> - one type with <math>\angle ABC</math> obtuse; the other type with <math>\angle BAC</math> obtuse. If <math>s \geq 2 \sqrt{84}</math>, as we just found, <math>\angle BAC</math> cannot be obtuse, so therefore, there is only one type of triangle - the one in which <math>\angle ABC</math> is obtuse. Also, if <math>s > 20</math>, no triangle exists with lengths <math>4</math> and <math>10</math>. Therefore, <math>s</math> is in the range <math>\left[ 2 \sqrt{84}, 20\right)</math>, so our answer is <math>\left(2 \sqrt{84}\right)^{2} + 20^{2} = \boxed{736}</math>. |
− | ~ ihatemath123 | + | Alternatively, refer to Solution 5 for the geometric interpretation. |
+ | |||
+ | ~ihatemath123 | ||
+ | |||
+ | == Solution 7 == | ||
+ | [[File:2021 AIME II 5.png|400px|right]] | ||
+ | Let's rephrase the condition. It is required to find such values of the area of an obtuse triangle with sides <math>4</math> and <math>10,</math> when there is exactly one such obtuse triangle. In the diagram, <math>AB = 4, AC = 10.</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | The largest area of triangle with sides <math>4</math> and <math>10</math> is <math>20</math> for a right triangle with legs <math>4</math> and <math>10</math> (<math>AC\perp AB</math>). | ||
+ | |||
+ | The diagram shows triangles with equal heights. The yellow triangle <math>ABC'</math> has the longest side <math>BC',</math> the blue triangle <math>ABC</math> has the longest side <math>AC.</math> | ||
+ | If <math>BC\perp AB,</math> then<math> BC = \sqrt {AC^2 – AB^2} = 2 \sqrt{21}</math> the area is equal to <math>4\sqrt{21}.</math> In the interval, the blue triangle <math>ABC</math> is acute-angled, the yellow triangle <math>ABC'</math> is obtuse-angled. Their heights and areas are equal. The condition is met. | ||
+ | |||
+ | If the area is less than <math>4\sqrt{21},</math> both triangles are obtuse, not equal, so the condition is not met. | ||
+ | |||
+ | Therefore, <math>s</math> is in the range <math>\left[ 4 \sqrt{21}, 20\right)</math>, so answer is <math>\left(4 \sqrt{21}\right)^{2} + 20^{2} = \boxed{736}</math> | ||
+ | |||
+ | '''vladimir.shelomovskii@gmail.com, vvsss''' | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Solution 8== | ||
+ | If <math>4</math> and <math>10</math> are the shortest sides and <math>\angle C</math> is the included angle, then the area is <cmath>\frac{4\cdot10\cdot\sin\angle C}{2} = 20\sin\angle C.</cmath> | ||
+ | Because <math>0\leq\sin\angle C\leq1</math>, the maximum value of <math>20\sin\angle C</math> is <math>20</math>, so <math>s\leq20</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | If <math>4</math> is a shortest side and <math>10</math> is the longest side, the length of the other short side is <math>4\cos\angle C+2\sqrt{4\cos^2 \angle C+21}</math> by law of cosines, and the area is <math>2\left(4\cos\angle C+2\sqrt{4\cos^2\angle C+21}\right)\sqrt{1-\cos\angle C}</math>. Because <math>-1\le \cos\angle C\le 0</math>, this is minimized if <math>\cos\angle C=0</math>, where <math>s=4\sqrt{21}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | So, the answer is <math>20^2+\left(4\sqrt{21}\right)^2=\boxed{736}</math>. | ||
+ | |||
+ | ~ryanbear | ||
+ | |||
+ | ==Video Solution by Interstigation== | ||
+ | https://youtu.be/ODokTEt3EVA | ||
+ | |||
+ | ~Interstigation | ||
==See Also== | ==See Also== | ||
{{AIME box|year=2021|n=II|num-b=4|num-a=6}} | {{AIME box|year=2021|n=II|num-b=4|num-a=6}} | ||
{{MAA Notice}} | {{MAA Notice}} |
Latest revision as of 23:43, 1 January 2023
Contents
Problem
For positive real numbers , let denote the set of all obtuse triangles that have area and two sides with lengths and . The set of all for which is nonempty, but all triangles in are congruent, is an interval . Find .
Solution 1
We start by defining a triangle. The two small sides MUST add to a larger sum than the long side. We are given and as the sides, so we know that the rd side is between and , exclusive. We also have to consider the word OBTUSE triangles. That means that the two small sides squared is less than the rd side. So the triangles' sides are between and exclusive, and the larger bound is between and , exclusive. The area of these triangles are from (straight line) to on the first "small bound" and the larger bound is between and . is our first equation, and is our nd equation. Therefore, the area is between and , so our final answer is .
~ARCTICTURN
Solution 2 (Inequalities and Casework)
If and are the side-lengths of an obtuse triangle with then both of the following must be satisfied:
- Triangle Inequality Theorem:
- Pythagorean Inequality Theorem:
For one such obtuse triangle, let and be its side-lengths and be its area. We apply casework to its longest side:
Case (1): The longest side has length so
By the Triangle Inequality Theorem, we have from which
By the Pythagorean Inequality Theorem, we have from which
Taking the intersection produces for this case.
At the obtuse triangle degenerates into a straight line with area at the obtuse triangle degenerates into a right triangle with area Together, we obtain or
Case (2): The longest side has length so
By the Triangle Inequality Theorem, we have from which
By the Pythagorean Inequality Theorem, we have from which
Taking the intersection produces for this case.
At the obtuse triangle degenerates into a straight line with area at the obtuse triangle degenerates into a right triangle with area Together, we obtain or
Answer
It is possible for noncongruent obtuse triangles to have the same area. Therefore, all such positive real numbers are in exactly one of or By the exclusive disjunction, the set of all such is from which
~MRENTHUSIASM
Solution 3
We have the diagram below.
We proceed by taking cases on the angles that can be obtuse, and finding the ranges for that they yield .
If angle is obtuse, then we have that . This is because is attained at , and the area of the triangle is strictly decreasing as increases beyond . This can be observed from by noting that is decreasing in .
Then, we note that if is obtuse, we have . This is because we get when , yileding . Then, is decreasing as increases by the same argument as before.
cannot be obtuse since .
Now we have the intervals and for the cases where and are obtuse, respectively. We are looking for the that are in exactly one of these intervals, and because , the desired range is giving
Solution 4
Note: Archimedes15 Solution which I added an answer here are two cases. Either the and are around an obtuse angle or the and are around an acute triangle. If they are around the obtuse angle, the area of that triangle is as we have and is at most . Note that for the other case, the side lengths around the obtuse angle must be and where we have . Using the same logic as the other case, the area is at most . Square and add and to get the right answer
Solution 5 (Circles)
For we fix and Without the loss of generality, we consider on only one side of
As shown below, all locations for at which is an obtuse triangle are indicated in red, excluding the endpoints. Note that:
- The region in which is obtuse is determined by construction.
- The region in which is obtuse is determined by the corollaries of the Inscribed Angle Theorem.
For any fixed value of the height from is fixed. We need obtuse to be unique, so there can only be one possible location for As shown below, all possible locations for are on minor arc including but excluding Let the brackets denote areas:
- If then will be minimized (attainable). By the same base and height and the Inscribed Angle Theorem, we have
- If then will be maximized (unattainable). For this right triangle, we have
Finally, the set of all such is from which
~MRENTHUSIASM (credit given to Snowfan)
Solution 6
Let a triangle in be , where and . We will proceed with two cases:
Case 1: is obtuse. If is obtuse, then, if we imagine as the base of our triangle, the height can be anything in the range ; therefore, the area of the triangle will fall in the range of .
Case 2: is obtuse. Then, if we imagine as the base of our triangle, the height can be anything in the range . Therefore, the area of the triangle will fall in the range of .
If , there will exist two types of triangles in - one type with obtuse; the other type with obtuse. If , as we just found, cannot be obtuse, so therefore, there is only one type of triangle - the one in which is obtuse. Also, if , no triangle exists with lengths and . Therefore, is in the range , so our answer is .
Alternatively, refer to Solution 5 for the geometric interpretation.
~ihatemath123
Solution 7
Let's rephrase the condition. It is required to find such values of the area of an obtuse triangle with sides and when there is exactly one such obtuse triangle. In the diagram,
The largest area of triangle with sides and is for a right triangle with legs and ().
The diagram shows triangles with equal heights. The yellow triangle has the longest side the blue triangle has the longest side If then the area is equal to In the interval, the blue triangle is acute-angled, the yellow triangle is obtuse-angled. Their heights and areas are equal. The condition is met.
If the area is less than both triangles are obtuse, not equal, so the condition is not met.
Therefore, is in the range , so answer is
vladimir.shelomovskii@gmail.com, vvsss
Solution 8
If and are the shortest sides and is the included angle, then the area is Because , the maximum value of is , so .
If is a shortest side and is the longest side, the length of the other short side is by law of cosines, and the area is . Because , this is minimized if , where .
So, the answer is .
~ryanbear
Video Solution by Interstigation
~Interstigation
See Also
2021 AIME II (Problems • Answer Key • Resources) | ||
Preceded by Problem 4 |
Followed by Problem 6 | |
1 • 2 • 3 • 4 • 5 • 6 • 7 • 8 • 9 • 10 • 11 • 12 • 13 • 14 • 15 | ||
All AIME Problems and Solutions |
The problems on this page are copyrighted by the Mathematical Association of America's American Mathematics Competitions.